Wet Lab. Cellular Replacement Therapy And Stem Cell Research Essay

Wet Lab. Cellular deputy Therapy And Stem Cell Research - Essay ExampleWhen embryonic mouse stem electric cells were isolated more than than 25 years ago, the signifi movece of the discovery was soon realized. (Keller, 2005) there are many researchers and hold place hope for cellular replacement therapy arising from stem cell research. Specifically, embryonic stem cells, also known as ES - pluripotent cells are of great concern. They exhibit the potential to differentiate into a variety of final thread types when they reach their ultimate, fully full-blownd state. Embryonic stem cell lines are ordinarily derived from a blastodermic vessicle, or in some cases an earlier stage of embryonic discipline. The 150 cells which at most comprise the blastocyst are able to differentiate into all types of body tissues. (Stem Cell Information, 2009) Most immediately, a pluripotent stem cell will submit rise to the primary germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. From these layers, o ther cells and tissues differentiate but ultimately give rise to all internal organs of the future organism. (Scholer, 2007) Other types of stem cells, further in development also have uses in research and therapy multipotent stem cells have some flexibility, but usually only within a closely related family of cells, such as cardiac tissue, blood cells. Furthermore, the cells can become Unipotent cells - which are not themselves per se, because they can only produce new cells of the exact same type. On the other end of the spectrum, are totipotent stem cells, these are fertilized zygotes which have the potential to grow into an immaculate individual, an embryonic stem cell from a blastocyst does not qualify.(Scholer, 2007) Cells can also be classified in terms of progenitor or precursor. Precursors exhibit recognizable traits of the function type they will become, bandage Progenitors are not outwardly committed to a cell type. (Rabbany et al. 2003) An extensive variety of protein s are obligated for differentiation of which much more research is needed. We are only now discovering the functions of regulatory operators such as Shp2, or transforming growth factor-?, that aids in the expression of chorionic gonadotropin.(Burnham Institute, 2009), (Keller, 2005) A well-studied pathway is the process of hematopoiesis, by which stem cells give rise to various types of blood cells. (Mackey, 2001) There are essentially two branches to the haemopoietic differentiation process the lineage beginning with a myeloid progenitor, and the lineage stemming from the common lymphoid progenitor. (Parslow et al. 1997) The lymphoid progenitor arises from the multi-potential Hemocytoblast. The lymphoid progenitor differentiates into what are described as T cells. Differentiation is possible into the essential killer cells, CD4 and CD8 types, known as large granular lymphocytes, from which no further cell lines arise. only the lymphoid progenitor can also become the small lymph ocyte. This stem cell has the potential to become a T-lymphocyte helper cell, or a B lymphocyte, which can further differentiate into plasma cells from which antibodies are produced. (Leishman et al. 2001), (Obeyesekere et al. 2004) But the hemocytoblast from which these types arise produces more cell types along the myeloid lineage. The myeloid progenitor can differentiate into intravenous feeding other cell lines erythrocytes otherwise known as oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Immature erythrocytes can be identified by the presence of a nucleus, since they are similar in size and shape to mature erythrocytes but a nucleus is ejected from the cell upon reaching full differentiation. (Ownby, 2002) Another differentiation event results in mast cells, whose release of histamine and heparin is responsible for many allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Myeloid progenitors can also