Cyberculture Essay :: Internet Technology essays

Cyberculture Essay E-mail today is the medium of choice when it comes to formal or informal rallying of compose information. It has changed the way we thought about writing and drastically changed the way we correspond through writing. E-mail has added a certain type of convenience and its induce unique style, although impersonal at times, to the written form of todays communication. James Sosnoski said it well when he wrote in 1995, reading electronic texts on screens is likely to be the predominant mode of reading in the very near future (Tribble and Turbek 400). If he had only known how right, he was. E-mail today, in short has made the act of simple written correspondence so easy and convenient for all to do. Just over ten years ago, I can imagine many could never have fathomed that they would be able to write to a friend halfway across the world and have them suck up the message in a matter of minutes. Writing letters on paper has lost its novelty. It used to be, not long ago that receiving a written letter wasnt very uncommon, whereas today, its simply a rarity. Now not only are you able to send a letter in a matter of minutes, moreover you can save yourself the pains of writing several of the same retroflex you can foreword or carbon copy them to as many people on your address list as you like with a click of a button. The act of revision and attention to recite and grammatical error has all but eliminated itself in the development of this modern marvel. Dennis Baron wrote, It wasnt so much that I couldnt think of the words, but the physical effort of handwriting, crossing out, revising, now seemed to overwhelm and constrict me, and I longed for the flexibility of digitized text (Tribble and Turbek 36). Perhaps, part of the appeal that E-mail withholds is its ease of use. What was once considered painstaking, the parturiency of writing, revising, and rewriting has now become a thing of the past. Its digitized text c an easily compose with the stroke of a key and cut ones precious time in half. With ease and convenience comes a change of what you might call the formality of written correspondence.

Lady Macbeth, Macbeths Lady-Villain :: Macbeth essays

Macbeths Lady-Villain William Shakespeares moving tragedy Macbeth presents a leading lady who is not the usual sort of woman, but sort of a contradiction of the typical woman. Let us consider her character in this essay. In Memoranda Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth, Sarah Siddons comments on the Ladys raw manner Macbeth announces the Kings approach and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind countersign of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very remarkable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife, while she never betrays one symptom of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is swimming down to softness. (56) Fann y Kemble in Lady Macbeth depicts the character of Macbeths wife Lady Macbeth, even in her sleep, has no qualms of conscience her remorse takes none of the tenderer forms akin to repentance, nor the weaker ones affiliate to fear, from the pursuit of which the tortured soul, seeking where to hide itself, not seldom escapes into the boundless wilderness of madness. A very able article, published some years agone in the National Review, on the character of Lady Macbeth, insists much upon an opinion that she died of remorse, as some palliation of her crimes, and mitigation of our detestation of them. That she died of wickedness would be, I think, a juster verdict. Remorse is consciousness of guilt . . . and that I think Lady Macbeth never had though the unrecognized pressure of her great guilt killed her. (116-17) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The slay Works of William Shakespeare interpret the character of Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature . Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncans top of the inning - she accepts the inevitable means she nerves herself for the terrible nights work by artificial stimulants yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father. Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives bureau and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand.

A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: A Midsummer Nights Dream, William Shakespeare

William Shakespe ares A Midsummer Nights Dream is very unique because there is a play within a play. Shakespeare uses the interesting qualities of the characters to narrate the play. The characters can be divided into four groups The Athenian Court (The Duke, Hippolyta, Egeus, and Philostrate) the vernal lovers (Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius) the fairy kingdom (Oberon, titanium oxide, Puck, and the lesser fairies) and the workmen (Bottom, Quince, Flute, Snout, Starveling, and Snug). The Athenian court is the obvious upper class division of scoiety in Athens. Theseus is head of the Athenian state and his role is to maintain justice. Hippolyta is Theseuss new bride and shows sympathy to the young lovers. Both Theseus and Hippolyta are classified as leg eat upary characters and collectively show their maturity and commitment to marriage. Egeus is a stubborn father whose character loses worth toward the end of the plot, while Philostrates part is short and undeve loped. Despite being a group, the young lovers are more interesting than the Athenian court. 2The male young lovers are somewhat comparable in qualities. They are young and fall in and out of love quickly. For example Demetrius and Lysander both reject a girl they erstwhile loved they fight over a one girl and then over the other. On the other hand, Hermia and Helena are not as similar because Hermia is short and Helena is tall. These characters are more interesting than the Athenian court because they provide the theme of commitment and being unfaithful. The young lovers are touched by magic by the fairy kingdom members. A member of the fairy kingdom, Oberon is resentful and generous at that the same time. Case in point, Oberon is resentful toward Titania refuses to hand over her boy, and generous in his attempt to make things go well for the the young lovers. Titania is a strong individual and stands up for herself against Oberon. hardly Titania too also is generous sho wing love for Bottom. Lastly, Puck is as servant for Oberon and does exactly what he says. Unfortunately he does not do everything correctly. For instance, Oberon requests that Puck use magic on Demetrius to return Helenas love, however he employs the magic upon Lysander instead. Puck means well but isnt necessarily given the approve due to him.

Nelson Mandela Essay -- essays research papers

There is no easy walk to liberty anywhere, and many of us will keep to pass through the valley of the shadow of death again and again before we reach the mountain top of our desires. These are the rowing of a man, Nelson Mandela, who fought for something that many would shy away from. He led the anti-apartheid movement, became the electric chair of the African National Congress Youth League, and later became the president of South Africa pleasant the Nobel Peace Prize. 1942 started Nelson Mandelas participation in the racial oppression in South Africa. He joined the African National Congress (ANC), led by Anton Lembede. In 1944, Mandela joined up with Walter Sisulu, William Nkomo, Oliver R. Tambo, and Ashby P. Mda to form the African National Congress Youth League. Quickly, Mandela became the secretary of the ANCYL in 1947 because of his consistent effort and disciplined work. In 1949 the political program of Action was accepted as authorized ANC policy. The Programme of Actio n supported boycott, strike, courteous disobedience, and non-co-operation. Nelson Mandela became the president of the ANCYL in 1952. Under his leadership the ANC began sponsoring nonviolent protests, strikes, boycotts, marches, and other acts of civil disobedience and in the process becoming a target to police harassment and arrest. This came to be cognise as the Defiance Campaign. This marked the beginning of muckle resistance to apartheid. In 1959 a small group of ANC members broke off and started their own group called the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). And on March 21, 1960, 20,000 PAC protesters leave there homes without passes and joined together in Sharpeville. The police, thinking that the group would become unfriendly, opened fire on the protesters. Sixty-Nine Blacks were killed and another 186 were wounded. After this attack, the South African Government outlawed the ANC and PAC organizations. But this would not stop Mandela and his companions from fighting the aparthe id. In 1961 Mandela helped establish the ANCs military wing, known as the Umkhonto we Sizwe -Spear of the Nation-, also known as the M-plan or MK plan named after Mandela himself. He was named its commander in chief and was sent to Algeria for military training. In that time 200 acts of sabotage took place. When he returned in 1962, he was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for illegal ... ...ed on majority rule. Mandela would lead South Africa as its president until 1999 when he stepped take in and Thabo Mbeki was selected president.Mandela worked his way up through the ranks of the ANC and ANCYL, leading the anti-apartheid movement. What he accomplished while in the ANCYL and in prison changed the way that South Africa is today. Without Mandela blacks would still only be able to use certain bathrooms and would only be able to go in certain places designated for them. This 55-year journey from the African National Congress, to prison, and finally to becoming president and winning the Nobel Peace Prize has made Nelson Mandela a living legend. But in the words of Nelson Mandela himself, I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered that after climbing a commodious hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a thinking of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended. (pg.625)

Analysis of Hazlitts Article on Travel :: Literary Analysis Travel Essays Papers

Analysis of Hazlitts Article on TravelHazlitts article on travel advocates the benefits of solo travel cardhin ones own country. His affection for travel is strong. He calls going on a journey one of the pleasantest things in the domain. Hazlitt stresses that solitude while on a journey is a must, saying nature is company enough for me, and I am never less unaccompanied than when alone. Hazlitt insists that sharing in the get wind of nature with a companion takes away from the sensory experience of it. He asserts bluntly I cannot see the wit of walking and talking at the same time. He believes conversation distracts from the stage settingry, and that nature does not need to be discussed, only experienced. To tale about the scene while experiencing it diminishes it and takes away from its immediate beauty. Scenery is not to be negotiated. Everyone will have their own unique experience of nature, and since each experience is personal it is sleeveless to compare experiences. Hazli tt says The continual comparing of notes interferes with the involuntary impression of things upon the mind, and hurts the sentiment. His view opposes that of Alphonse Frankenstein, who urges Victor to take a family tour of the Chamounix, insisting that companionship in the experience compounds its remedial value. But Hazlitt seeks freedom from fellow men when he journeys. He says the soul of a journey is liberty...to think, feel, do, just as one pleases. When experiencing nature in solitude, Hazlitt is able to appreciate it to its full extent by becoming one with nature. He says when i am in the country i wish to vege out like the country. A journey should be a time of freedom and peace, away from all things associated with city life. When travelling alone you are a creature of the moment...free of all ties. A journey can provide a little breathing space to refresh and revitalize a person. When on a journey, Hazlitt says he begins to feel, think and be myself again. He finds joy i n living while in nature Give me the clear blue thrash about over my head, and the green turf beneath my feet...I laugh, I run, I leap, I sing for joy. Hazlitts language describes the experience as being cathartic, like a return to the innocence of childhood. Hazlitt says the freedom found in nature comes from being away from people, and allowing the mind to rest.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonWilliam was a very special person. His good qualities are endless. Since he was just a child, I always remember William sticking up for the family. When his sister, Lisa, was a baby, William would sit outside her room with a mask and cape on ready to rescue her in case she started crying. And, if Williams father or I were making too much noise, he was always quick to fly downstairs and tell us to keep steady so not to disturb his little sister. Thats just the kind of person William was. He was a hero to all in all of us. As I sense of smell out into the crowd, I cant suspensor but see just how many lives William has touched. As a psychiatrist, but more importantly as a friend, William was able to come to the aid of those in need. He was a shoulder to lean on, always willing to lend a hand to help some genius out, always willing to listen to someones problems and halt the time to help resolve them. It would take me an eternity to list off all the special ways William has made a difference in my life. Whenever I was upset, whenever I needed someone, Williams sense of humor cheered me right up. No one can feel sad when William is around. Ill always remember William as a person who was constantly finding humor in life no matter what the occasion. He was so full of life. Its hard to imagine how Im going to go a day without speaking to him because hed call me every single day. I know he was a very busy man, but he would never forget to take the time to call me to see how I was. Its the little things like that Ill never forget about him.Although Williams death was sudden and came as a shock to all of us, I know in my heart he would not want for us to spend forever grieving. Rather, William would want us all to remember our favorite moments we spent with him. So, if you would all just take a quick minute or two to think about a happy time shared with himWilliams life was far too brief, but he was able to accomplish many things.

Eulogy for Son :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for SonWilliam was a very special person. His good qualities are endless. Since he was just a child, I always mobilize William sticking up for the family. When his sister, Lisa, was a baby, William would sit outside her room with a mask and cape on ready to rescue her in case she started crying. And, if Williams father or I were making too much noise, he was always quick to fly downstairs and tell us to keep quiet so not to disturb his little sister. Thats just the kind of person William was. He was a hero to both of us. As I scene out into the crowd, I cant attend but see just how many lives William has touched. As a psychiatrist, but more importantly as a friend, William was able to come to the aid of those in need. He was a shoulder to lean on, always willing to lend a hand to help some sensation out, always willing to listen to someones problems and issuance the time to help resolve them. It would take me an eternity to list off all the special ways William has made a difference in my life. Whenever I was upset, whenever I needed someone, Williams sense of humor cheered me right up. No one can feel sad when William is around. Ill always remember William as a person who was constantly finding humor in life no matter what the occasion. He was so full of life. Its hard to imagine how Im going to go a day without speaking to him because hed call me every single day. I know he was a very busy man, but he would never forget to take the time to call me to see how I was. Its the little things like that Ill never forget about him.Although Williams death was sudden and came as a shock to all of us, I know in my heart he would not want for us to spend forever grieving. Rather, William would want us all to remember our favorite moments we spent with him. So, if you would all just take a quick minute or two to think about a happy time shared with himWilliams life was far too brief, but he was able to accomplish many things.

Curleys Wife Victim or Dynamite? Essay

IntroductionIn the novella, Of Mice and Men , written by arse Steinbeck, he is able to portray the fact that the character that was mainly involved in Lennies downfall was Curleys Wife or that she has brought all the problems for the workforce living working in the farm. There argon different points of view on whether she is Miss Dynamite or a victim. Nevertheless there are different facts that need to be considered for both sides of the argument.Second ParagraphOne of the arguments of the novella is whether Curleys Wife is Miss Dynamite or on whether she is a victim. She comes in the story as a very strong character and the reader is able to perceive this. She is always trying to seduce men and this is amiss(p) as she is a married woman. She smiled archly and twitched her body. This gives the impression that she is not interested in what others think and the only thing that she is thinking close is in having fun. Women that were married werent supposed to that kind of fun. She conveys that she is not concerned about her husband. If she would be interested in her marriage she might maybe have a good time and in some way sop up loving her husband. However there is the detail that her husband is not always with her Im trying to find Curley Slim.She is really not interested in finding Curley, she just wants some companion but she could talk that with her husband and start to solve the problems within them and start to enjoy the company between them. Moreover she should not act as a victim and she could really do something about the fact that she is bored. She could read a book or do some other activities and as mentioned before she could talk to her husband about it. What she is doing is not benefiting anyone, she is get herself and the workers into trouble and she, instead of becoming a nice person to be around, becomes an annoying person. On the other hand there is the argument that she is a victim on how she is being treated and the fact that she is real ly lonely and that her husband does not pay any attention to her.

Issues in Church and Sacraments

Summary Issues in church and sacraments ar practical ungodliness, profoundly upright, deeply crooked, putting our opinion to work and catholic devotions. Practical Atheism Is one who does not believe In god. It came from the Greek word ethos which means with off God late Pope Paul VI labeled this as an Insidious wolf In sheeps clothing because It hides under a mantle of religious faith but worships wealth, power and the self. Atheism is out and opens, while practical atheism hides the religiosity of people.Most people may appear religious interchangeable the practical atheism but the right is hey dont focus mainly on God but on instead they just focus on themselves since they entirely need a God who they can manage and hear their prayers cause the truth is theyre not interested in a God who will teach them about truth and Justice. This disrespectful for God is not that obvious in the sense that practical atheist only uses God for their self-interest focusing only for ones self . Idolatry is worshipping an paragon a false image of God Is an idol.Idolatry is worshipping something that projects to ones self Like In times of solving a problem or granting wishes. We control God redden though based on the scripture that we are created In the Image and likeness of God but the saddest part Is that we are the one who Is re-creating God In our Image. Practical Atheism Is preoccupied with money, obsessed with wealth and material success. Self-centeredness, self-garnishment, distorted priorities and corruption as a way of life in a earth of fervent church-goers are the signs of practical atheism. Deeply upright, Deeply Crooked explains something about facing the reality.The Philippines is said to be the most religious ground in on the whole Asia and also one of the most immoral countries in all Asia, if not the most immoral. Philippines is also known to be the second most corrupt country in Asia this survey is an example of how deeply the Philippines is upright and at the same time how deeply crooked this could be. Peoples entire concept is based oninvestment funds in heaven an example of this Is by donating something to a religious organization and assuming that they are already exempted from having to live exemplary lives.Hearing masses, going to confession and receiving the sacraments are the practice that we do and Imagining Like we are just taking a bath to cleanse our sins for going back again to the normal routine like lying, cheating, and stealing with a punishment that is inflicted in return for a wrong doing. The principle here is simple form is everything like the practices that we are doing but the internality on why we are doing this is nothing. Putting our Faith to Work gives details about on how do we put our faith to work realizing the fact that our churches are filled on Sundays, and yet people very often do not seem to act like Christians at all.We must stress that it is not our Catholic faith that is wrong. We have con vert people to Christianity for church membership, rather than for discipleship. We have taught people to seek the kingdom of heaven but we failed to urge them to lay down a better society. We have drawn our members to our churches for worship but have not sent them out to the world for service. The Catholic faith that we have propagated has been say more toward celebrating In the Church than a Christian living in the world.The problem, however, does not lie inside our churches people go out of the church that squabble begins. We need to put our Christian faith to work in all choices that we make we must make our Christian faith at the center of our lives in and out of the church. Catholic Devotions expresses the peoples personal experiences like when we talk about devotions that has been a greater part of our lives especially in religion that may attract others. different people have different perspectives that may lead to different religions even if there is only oneGod or wor st established a religion because of differences in beliefs. We only express our faith in God in God according to our background and culture. Catholics know more about devotions, rituals novenas that turns out to be a practice and little about scriptures and the teachings of Jesus. Belief is different from faith a belief without the right faith is fanaticism and gives security, but true faith involves insecurity. We do not need faith when we are so sure of our beliefs. Whats it all about making the grade but missing out on cultivation?Going to class is seen as a duty by most students, rather than an opportunity that they should be thanking for. They are more concern about the grades, assignments, projects and how to nous the subjects than what they have really learned. Learning is necessary and shouldnt be taken for granted. Homework should never be done only because it is needed if the only reason that a student completes his or her requirement for the sake of getting a grade the n it is not a good result because you didnt learn something from it you Just memorize.Figuring out Lifes Most Important Questions, students do everything that is required so that they can land to the right Job. Career motivations, questions about the best way to help society in knowing who am l, how shall I live are the questions and things that are important to be talking about at this stage in our lives. Students dont want to e told on what to believe or how to live their lives. Guidance and encouragement is needed to help us figure out lifes most important questions for ourselves not to Just be talking about it but also to act on it as well.

Othello and Iago

In the 21 st century everything has become more visualized. The books do not slang the same power as they utilise to have in the previous centuries. Nowadays, more or less(prenominal) books or written stories have been made into screen adoption . William Shakespe ar wrote Othello the Moor of Venice to be performed. There ar more than fifty photographs, ballet performances and musicals closely Othello. distributively of them is different and shows a directors unique perspective. What is it approximately this piece that makes people perform it so many times? In each propagation people ar trying to visualize the immortal theme of how manipulation and jealousy foundation interpolate peoples lives.For example, in the picture show Othello (1995) Oliver Parker contradicts with the school school text and shows the interview his view and understanding of the literary text. In the movie Othello (1995) with Laurence Fishburne, Parker, the director, uses actors performance, symbo lic representationic medical prognosiss and decor to help the consultation emotionally understand the text. Parkers production of the movie is very close to the original play. He uses the same language and wording, but visual image and his perspective of the play helps the audience experience empathy towards characters.For example, in the text Desdemonas father describes her, A maiden never bold / of spirit so remedy and quiet that her motion blushed at herself (I. III . 94-96). In the movie the actress is young, beautiful and seems very innocent. Othello is described in the text as an exotic character, who shows an animalistic side. Roderigo says ab pop out Othello, To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor / An libertine and wheeling str see red. (I. I. 126, 136). When Iago talks to Brabantio and tries to convince him that his missy is with Othello he compares Othello to an animal. Iago says, Youll have your fille covered with a Barbary horse. I. I. 112). Or he also says, Your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs (I. I. 116). In the movie Othello has an intimidating appearance. He has pierced ears, wears jewelry and has tattoos. The chasten casting of characters helps to ruin them and grow particular attitude towards these characters in the movie. The audience when looking at beautiful and young Desdemona go away most likely take her side and have compassion towards her. In contrast to Desdemona, Othello is more brutal and reveals bellicosity and rigidity. In the text Shakespeare describes Othello as a not bad(p) warrior, who has suffered a lot.He doesnt know much about love or peaceful bread and butter without battles. Othello says about himself Rude am I in my speech, / and slender blessed with the soft phrase of piece The chronicle of my life / from year to year-the battles, sieges, fortunes / that I have passed (I. III. 81-83, 129-131). This describes Othello as unexperienced, impulsive person, who is more used to violence than love. In the text when Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is not honest with him, Othello burst out at Iago Be sure of it give me the ocular proof or, by the worth of mine ceaseless soul, thou hadst been better born a trail than answer my waked wrath (III.. III. 361-364). Othello is jealous of Desdemona but because he has no proof of it, he works his anger on Iago. In the movie Parker introduces a scene where Othello tries to drown Iago in the sea to emphasize Othellos anger. Another scene where Othello shows his violence is when he slaps Desdemona crossways her face. One thing that can explain Othellos inability to control anger and be violent is that he is left without his duty. He was send to Cyprus to oppose people from the Turks but the war has never happened because of the draw that killed the Turks.Othello is left with himself, his thoughts and relationships with Desdemona. Marriage is a new experience to him, he does not know how to behave. Othello doubt hi s finis of getting married to Desdemona. He says, Why did I marry? O curse of marriage, / That we can call these delicate creatures ours, / and not their appetites (III. III. 242, 268-270). He is not used to a peaceful life, but violence and anger. Iago is exploitation Othellos frustration and strategy to convince Othello in Desdemonas unfaithfulness. In the movie Parker makes Iago talk to the audience that helps develop and understand his plan, how is going to implement it.His ideas are clear and make sense, but audience still doesnt know how the other characters will respond to it and whether he will be successful or not. Parker leave that to the last scene when wounded Iago lies on the dead bodies of Othello, Desdemona and his wife. In this production Parker chooses and repairly considers the diachronic element by using the medieval costumes agree to that time, settings and decor of Venice with old buildings and canals with gondolas. However, he adds couple scenes that chan ges the audiences perception of the text. In the beginning of the movie the audience see a couple in the gondola.The man covers his face with a mask, and then the young woman runs on the empty streets of Venice covering her face. This shows the audience that this couple are involved in some kind of a secret. Parker uses a cliche of a secret relationship by making the head start scene happened at night, covering mans face with a mask. This scene intrigues the audience and make it believe that this could be a love humbug movie. Compare to the text where Iago and Roderigo are the first ones to be presented in the text. They talk about how Iago didnt get position of the lieutenant and how both of them hate the Moor.Iago says Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago. / In succeeding(a) him, I follow but myself / Heaven is my judge, not I for love or duty, / but presumable so, for my peculiar end(I. I. 58-60). Only in the pump of the act I scene I, readers understand that Brabantios daug hter secretly got married to the Moor and that is how Iago and Roderigo can use this against him. Iago says I m one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. (I. I . 116-117). Parkers deviation from text catches the viewers attention better than just teetotal talks of Iago and Roderigo.Another movie innovation is when Parker makes Othello dream about Desdemona and Cassio being together. This emphasizes how much Othello is moved by that news. In the text Shakespeare makes Othello fall into epilepsy instead. Parker is also using symbol of the handkerchief. The symbol of handkerchief is important in the play. Othello gives special power to it. He says That handkerchief Did an Egyptian to my dumbfound give. She was a charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people. She told her, while she unploughed it, Twould make her amiable and subdue my fatherEntirely to her love but if she lost it Or made a submit of it, my fathers ey e Should hold her loathed, and his animate should hunt after new fancies. ( III. IV.. 50-58). In the movie Parker makes the handkerchief fly or fall on the black background in a bleak motion. By doing so, he shows the audience the end of Othello and Desdemonas love and predicts their death. Another symbolic scene that Parker introduces into the movie and doesnt exist in the text is when Iago stands near to a pit and makes two figures that represent Othello and Desdemona fall into that pit.Parker compares Othello and Desdemona to the figures on the chessboard that were played and manipulated by Iago. Basically, he says that all that it was just a tactical game. He though connects that scene to another scene when Othellos and Desdemonas bodies are dumped to the sea. This parallel shows the audience desperation of the situation. This symbolic scene with figures explains how Parker understands parallels and hidden tips shown in the play. Shakespeare uses address and repeats phrases in the text to predict the end and legislate the reader through the play.For example, in the text when Brabantio says to Othello, font to her, Moor, if thou hast eyeball to see / She has deceived her father, and may thee. (I. III. 291-292). Othello responds to him, My life upon her faith (I. III. 294). Later in the text, Iago mentions it again to Othello. He says, Look at your wife / wear your eyes thus, not jealous nor secure She did deceive her father, marrying you( III. III. 197, 198, 206). At the end of the play Othello does exactly what he said before- he gives his life upon Desdemonas faith and kills himself.Movies that are based on the plays or the books are video display the audience only one perception of that play or book, which is presented by the point of view of the director. expert directors know that it is very hard to present the correct idea better than the original text. However, by making minor changes such as introducing symbolic scenes, choosing the righ t actors or the appropriate decor, the movie can guide the audience to a better understanding of the play. It can also help to develop new interpretations of the text.Othello and IagoIn the 21 st century everything has become more visualized. The books do not have the same power as they used to have in the previous centuries. Nowadays, many books or written stories have been made into screen adoption . William Shakespeare wrote Othello the Moor of Venice to be performed. There are more than fifty movies, ballet performances and musicals about Othello. Each of them is different and shows a directors unique perspective. What is it about this piece that makes people perform it so many times? In each generation people are trying to visualize the immortal theme of how manipulation and jealousy can change peoples lives.For example, in the movie Othello (1995) Oliver Parker contradicts with the text and shows the audience his view and understanding of the literary text. In the movie Othell o (1995) with Laurence Fishburne, Parker, the director, uses actors performance, symbolic scenes and decor to help the audience emotionally understand the text. Parkers production of the movie is very close to the original play. He uses the same language and wording, but visualization and his perspective of the play helps the audience experience empathy towards characters.For example, in the text Desdemonas father describes her, A maiden never bold / of spirit so still and quiet that her motion blushed at herself (I. III . 94-96). In the movie the actress is young, beautiful and seems very innocent. Othello is described in the text as an exotic character, who shows an animalistic side. Roderigo says about Othello, To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor / An extravagant and wheeling stranger. (I. I. 126, 136). When Iago talks to Brabantio and tries to convince him that his daughter is with Othello he compares Othello to an animal. Iago says, Youll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse. I. I. 112). Or he also says, Your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs (I. I. 116). In the movie Othello has an intimidating appearance. He has pierced ears, wears jewelry and has tattoos. The right casting of characters helps to reveal them and grow particular attitude towards these characters in the movie. The audience when looking at beautiful and young Desdemona will most likely take her side and have compassion towards her. In contrast to Desdemona, Othello is more brutal and reveals bellicosity and rigidity. In the text Shakespeare describes Othello as a great warrior, who has suffered a lot.He doesnt know much about love or peaceful life without battles. Othello says about himself Rude am I in my speech, / and little blessed with the soft phrase of piece The story of my life / from year to year-the battles, sieges, fortunes / that I have passed (I. III. 81-83, 129-131). This describes Othello as unexperienced, impulsive person, who is more used to violence than love. In the text when Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is not honest with him, Othello burst out at Iago Be sure of it give me the ocular proof or, by the worth of mine eternal soul, thou hadst been better born a dog than answer my waked wrath (III.. III. 361-364). Othello is jealous of Desdemona but because he has no proof of it, he works his anger on Iago. In the movie Parker introduces a scene where Othello tries to drown Iago in the sea to emphasize Othellos anger. Another scene where Othello shows his violence is when he slaps Desdemona across her face. One thing that can explain Othellos inability to control anger and be violent is that he is left without his duty. He was send to Cyprus to defend people from the Turks but the war has never happened because of the storm that killed the Turks.Othello is left with himself, his thoughts and relationships with Desdemona. Marriage is a new experience to him, he does not know how to behave. Othello doubt his decision of getting married to Desdemona. He says, Why did I marry? O curse of marriage, / That we can call these delicate creatures ours, / and not their appetites (III. III. 242, 268-270). He is not used to a peaceful life, but violence and anger. Iago is using Othellos frustration and strategy to convince Othello in Desdemonas unfaithfulness. In the movie Parker makes Iago talk to the audience that helps develop and understand his plan, how is going to implement it.His ideas are clear and make sense, but audience still doesnt know how the other characters will react to it and whether he will be successful or not. Parker leave that to the last scene when wounded Iago lies on the dead bodies of Othello, Desdemona and his wife. In this production Parker chooses and correctly considers the historical element by using the medieval costumes corresponding to that time, settings and decor of Venice with old buildings and canals with gondolas. However, he adds couple scenes that chan ges the audiences perception of the text. In the beginning of the movie the audience see a couple in the gondola.The man covers his face with a mask, and then the young woman runs on the empty streets of Venice covering her face. This shows the audience that this couple are involved in some kind of a secret. Parker uses a cliche of a secret relationship by making the first scene happened at night, covering mans face with a mask. This scene intrigues the audience and make it believe that this could be a love story movie. Compare to the text where Iago and Roderigo are the first ones to be presented in the text. They talk about how Iago didnt get position of the lieutenant and how both of them hate the Moor.Iago says Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago. / In following him, I follow but myself / Heaven is my judge, not I for love or duty, / but seeming so, for my peculiar end(I. I. 58-60). Only in the middle of the act I scene I, readers understand that Brabantios daughter secretly go t married to the Moor and that is how Iago and Roderigo can use this against him. Iago says I m one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. (I. I . 116-117). Parkers deviation from text catches the viewers attention better than just dry talks of Iago and Roderigo.Another movie innovation is when Parker makes Othello dream about Desdemona and Cassio being together. This emphasizes how much Othello is moved by that news. In the text Shakespeare makes Othello fall into epilepsy instead. Parker is also using symbol of the handkerchief. The symbol of handkerchief is important in the play. Othello gives special power to it. He says That handkerchief Did an Egyptian to my mother give. She was a charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people. She told her, while she kept it, Twould make her amiable and subdue my fatherEntirely to her love but if she lost it Or made a gift of it, my fathers eye Should hold her loathed, and his s pirits should hunt after new fancies. ( III. IV.. 50-58). In the movie Parker makes the handkerchief fly or fall on the black background in a slow motion. By doing so, he shows the audience the end of Othello and Desdemonas love and predicts their death. Another symbolic scene that Parker introduces into the movie and doesnt exist in the text is when Iago stands next to a pit and makes two figures that represent Othello and Desdemona fall into that pit.Parker compares Othello and Desdemona to the figures on the chessboard that were played and manipulated by Iago. Basically, he says that all that it was just a tactical game. He though connects that scene to another scene when Othellos and Desdemonas bodies are dumped to the sea. This parallel shows the audience hopelessness of the situation. This symbolic scene with figures explains how Parker understands parallels and hidden tips shown in the play. Shakespeare uses words and repeats phrases in the text to predict the end and guide t he reader through the play.For example, in the text when Brabantio says to Othello, Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see / She has deceived her father, and may thee. (I. III. 291-292). Othello responds to him, My life upon her faith (I. III. 294). Later in the text, Iago mentions it again to Othello. He says, Look at your wife / wear your eyes thus, not jealous nor secure She did deceive her father, marrying you( III. III. 197, 198, 206). At the end of the play Othello does exactly what he said before- he gives his life upon Desdemonas faith and kills himself.Movies that are based on the plays or the books are showing the audience only one perception of that play or book, which is presented by the point of view of the director. Talented directors know that it is very hard to present the correct idea better than the original text. However, by making minor changes such as introducing symbolic scenes, choosing the right actors or the appropriate decor, the movie can guide the audience to a better understanding of the play. It can also help to develop new interpretations of the text.

Hamburger †Fast food Essay

Market and environmental abbreviation is an essential part of an organizations External summary. The main objectives of a grocery analysis are a)To determine how attractive a commercialise is. b)To understand the dynamics of the securities industry and amend strategies accordingly. Here we apply the dimensions of a Market Analysis to McDonalds corp. 1)Emerging submarkets McDonalds failed to recognize the changing trend in customers preferences to better tasting, fresher feed. This trend led to new sub markets emerging for tastier, fresher and degraded food perceived as healthier.A few of the smaller/privately owned competitors (Cosi and Quiznos) were able to operate in niche markets selling gourmet sandwiches and salads. The out addition of smaller restaurants calling easy access to exotic foods such as sushi and burritos created a more specialized niche market. 2)Size and Growth With the emergence of these sub-markets and niche markets, McDonalds started losing market share . It now had to share its fast-food mass market with these newly created markets. Even though these restaurant chains were small in size, their growth opportunities presented a potential threat to McDonalds.They operated on service that was better than McDonalds at the same time providing better tasting food, which led to an increase in its sales. This sector was in the early stages of growth where as McDonalds was past the maturity stage. 3)Profitability McDonalds profitability can be gauged by using Porters 5 factor model. a)Intensity of competition among existing customers was relatively high. Direct competitors deal Wendys and Chik-Fil-A were able to out perform McDonalds based on service quality by providing quicker service. In comparison McDonalds had a large bod of franchises, but will deriveing service time.b)Threat of new entrants Other market niches alike quizos, cosi and small restaurants offering exotic foods also provided a high breaker point of competition to McDo nalds by offering food that appealed to changing customer preferences. The only barrier to entry that McDonalds used was to open a large number of franchises and offer an inexpensive transportation this is tho changing as franchisees are leaving McDonalds, lowering the barriers to entry. c)Substitute products would include fast food options available in leading supermarkets, and coffee shops offering exotic foods like sushi. d)Bargaining power of customers.Customers are the main source of income for McDonalds. Customers were not happy with the menu offered at McDonalds and hence took their custom to some other restaurants, leading to a drop in sales. e)Bargaining power of suppliers McDonalds aimed to keep their menu prices low (source more details about suppliers) 4)Cost structure McDonalds strategic focus was on price and service. In order to raise service quality new kitchens were installed. However, this installation was done for some franchises that did not need it and wher e the new additions did not overhaul improve business.In order to keep the price of its burgers low, it asked the franchises to sell at a loss. Example Promoting a $1 burger when the cost to make it was $1. 07. This lack in foresight resulted in salary increase costs to franchise owners who responded by leaving McDonalds and going over to competitors. This snowballed into falling investor confidence resulting in falling equity. Another cost issue was investing in too many takeovers which it couldnt handle at the same time as improving service quality and revamping the menu. 5)Distribution Systems McDonalds dispersal system was the large and growing number of franchises.However not many of the franchises were posting profits and as per Exhibit 1, more than 500 would have to be closed. One of McDonalds strengths is its distribution system, where in customers come in and have the same experience that they have at any other store. However, this can also be a weakness as providing a c onsistent experience soon becomes ordinary. 6)Market Trends The fast food day-by-day market was quickly breaking up into fragments. With the rising immigrant population customers now had a choice of items. McDonalds realize this too late and try to counter this effect by introducing new burgers.However, the testing of the new menu does not gauge strongly enough the changing customer preferences and this poor planning led to its failure. Internally changing trends were also blindsided. Franchisees who were the closest to customers were not include in decision making and were thus disgruntled. Here was the need to change the management style from top-down to bottom-up. This would have solved some of the issues plaguing McDonalds, by providing data on what customers want and what products would have a greater chance of success.7)Key success Factors McDonalds did have some strengths or key success factors a)Large number of franchises that led to economies of scale. This however contra sted to the small is beautiful concept of the niche markets. b)Complete training for franchisees to begin and run their own McDonalds proved to be a good team building exercise. c)Cost of food was low due to economies of scale and economies of size. Moreover, McDonalds was able to negotiate a reasonable price for high quality food products.McDonalds failed to realize the changing trends in the casual fast food markets, as a result of which, a large part of the market share was taken over by existing brands like Wendys and new players like Panera bread co. The company also failed to acknowledge competition from the niche markets serving gourmet and exotic foods. This lack in analysis led to lowering of entry barriers for new entrants, loss of market share to competitors (Wendys, Chick-Fil-A. ), disgruntled franchisees, and a drop in sales leading to a fall in equity value. Environmental Analysis 1)Political.2)Economic 3)Socio-Cultural There are three cultural forces that influence ma rketers a) persistence of cultural values, b) subcultures and c) shifts in inessential cultural values. Of the three, secondary cultural values carry the largest influence on the fast-food market. When the market is interested in convenience, they are more likely to buy fast food if the markets secondary values shift and become interested in fitness and health, they will be less likely to buy fast food. (Monash university, 2006) The shell shows this shift to gourmet and healthier foods.4)Technological McDonalds had begun to notice the importance of technology. The organization was looking at new technological solutions like ERP to improve their supply chain (Newman, 2002) 5)Environmental 6)Legal.References Monash university, 2006, Briohnys Report, Language and Learning Online, Retrieved on 06 May 2008. http//www. monash. edu. au/lls/llonline/writing/business-economics/marketing/3. 3. 2. xml Newman, K, 2002. McDonalds seeks closer electronic relations, iStart. comTechnology in busi ness, www. istart. co. nz, retrieved on 06 May 2008. http//www. istart. co. nz/index/HM20/PC0/PVC197/EX245/AR22537.

Summary of the Supply Chain for Iphone in China

Summary of Supply Chain for iPh unmatched Highlights Costs in China David Barboza states that for roughly years, the cost of the supply chain for iPhone in China has increased significantly. However, the labor cost is still remaining unchanged, which is relatively low. This often takes place in the Confederate China, where work aters atomic number 18 paid less than a dollar an hour in the production process of this high-end product. The company spends only 7 percents of the total cost on paying labors that involved in the final assembly while the remaining parts are spent mostly on the other components involved in the supply chain, such as microchips.Due to the higher costs in the supply chain, Apple has to squeeze more costs out of the system as Jenny Lai has mentioned in the article. In order to cut down the cost, the company planned to relocate the factories and workers to other parts of China, where the cost for labor and raw materials is cheaper the modify Chinese currency makes exports more expensive, as well as the high inflation rate and housing cost, hence the cost of making devices increased. According to the analysts, the manufacturers with low-margin gain are unflavored for Apple to contract with.Meanwhile, owing to the comments made by Professor Jason Dedrick, the world of contract manufacturers is unfair to the workers in the fact that they have to work under great pressure with a low wage and insufficient rest. Therefore, since 2005, the underpaid workers started pressing the pressure to the company by acquiring a raised wage. However, Foxconn, one of the Apples major manufacturers is considering moving inland. It is because this can help to maintain a lower wage and cheaper source of raw materials for the production of iPhone.Many analysts are optimistic in finding new innovations to improve profitability in relative to the high cost in the supply chain. Yet, the ways they used is to change the workers to work in an inhuman system. Theref ore, Mr. Wang at iSuppli Research has concluded that the labor-intensive model is not sustainable in China. To conclude, this type of low-end assembly work doesnt produce big returns for iPhone in China. Due to the fact that China doesnt want to work for other countries, it would like to attain its real value which association can be found.

Motivation in management Essay

The study of want aims to facilitate down the stairsstanding of what prompts employees to initiate action, what determines their choice of action and why they persist in such action over time. Motivation is important to business practitioners since it assists in seeking high performance within arrangings. While effective employee motivation improves productivity, it in addition generates challenges for managers to channel motivation towards the accomplishment of organisational goal.This essay intends to examine several motivation theories with reference to the accept the Devil wears Prada, and then discuss well-nigh challenges managers may stage when attempting to motivate employees in the contemporary world of wee-wee. Following this introduction, three motivation theories including ERG theory, two-factor theory and reinforcement theory ar exemplified by the film the Devil wears Prada in the findings part. Then, conclusions generating from findings as well as recommendatio ns suggesting implications for managers will be minded(p) evolutionarily. FindingsMotivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse zeal and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. The rationale behind theories of motivation is to provide a frame black market through which organisations can better influence their employees beat back to work and increase their enthusiasm with their roles. Theories of motivation mainly contain content theories focusing on the underlying needs that motivate, process theories explaining the way employees fill behavioural actions and reinforcement theories examining the relationship between behaviour and its consequence.Among so many theories concerning motivation, the ERG theory, two-factor theory and reinforcement theory are selected to be discussed in this essay. Besides, using film to simulate and examine organisational behaviours is considered to be an effective way to assist students in applying managem ent theories, and even the primary instructional medium which can be coordinated into an organizational behaviour class as proposed by Gerald W. Smith. (Gerald, 2009) To illustrate motivation theory for further understanding, the Devil wears Prada is rather a good choice.Alderfer EGR TheoryTo some extent, Alderfers ERG theory can be considered as a condensate of famous Maslows five needs hierarchy theory. ERG theory considers the intrinsic factors that drive employees to behave more productively as well and Alderfer classified underlying human needs that generate motivation to three categories, containing existence needs, relatedness needs and outgrowth needs. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Motivating employees through satisfying their intrinsic needs is an effective way to understand and accelerate motivation in workplace. In the devil wears Prada, Andys mount up in her job as Mirandas assistant is an excellent illustration to understand this theory.Existence needs include all material and physiological desires for forcible well being. When Andy initially takes the job in Runway and strives for being Mirandas second assistant, she is identified to be motivated by her existence needs that affording living expenses in New York and steriliseting career started after graduation from university. She considered this stuff has nothing to do with her, indicating she felt unrelated with this workplace, unlike Emily who have great enthusiasm towards shape industry and therefore are extremely motivated especially by strong needs for growth (chance to go Paris for Fashion week). Then, after being frustrated by failure to complete missions and Mirandas reprimand, Andy gradually gets involved and emerges relatedness needs, which encompass external esteem and relationships with significant others like co-workers and employers.She seriously cares about her competency of this job and wants to be recognized in Runway. Being successfully motivated, Andy becomes most productive as sistant and wins appreciation of Miranda on the basis of her capacity. Andy seems to have a sharp future of career at that point. However, Andy chooses not to persist as she realizes that her growth needs, which represent internal esteem and self-actualization, can never be satisfied in Runway. She eventually decides to turn another way to pursue the job satisfying all her needs. Herzbergs two-factor theoryHerzbergs two-factor theory of motivation considered satisfaction and dissatisfaction as two separate entities caused by quite different factors, which were named hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors are characterised as extrinsic components of job design that contribute to employee dissatisfaction if they are not met, while motivators are intrinsic to the job itself and include achievement, recognition, responsibility and opportunity for growth. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Herzberg believed that hygiene factors work only in area of dissatisfaction, while employees are hig hly motivated just by the presence of motivators. It is the only motivational theory that splits out demotivating factors from true motivators.This two-factor theory seems to be illustrated in the Devil wears Prada as well. When Andy starts to work as Mirandas second assistant, she is driven by several hygiene factors that generate job dissatisfaction, referring to working status, co-worker relationships, supervisory style and company administration.Andy has to manus with all of Mirandas sudden requests no matter when and how difficult, indicating a terrible working status. She is not into Runways culture as well as her colleagues, and finally becomes frustrated about her job in Runway. However, after Andy gets involved in her job, motivators, referring mostly to Mirandas recognition and her advancement at work, starts to continually dampen Andys enthusiasm as well as productivity. At this stage, Andys capacity and even potency is successfully stimulated. Moreover, Adrian Furnham, Andreas Eracleous and Tomas Chamorro Premuzic (2008) stretched to further examine motivation in workplace based on combining two-factor theory with personality variables.For instance, they released that motivators were associated appointedly with extraversion, whilst high scores in the hygiene-related factor were negatively associated with extraversion. Andy, who concerns friends a lot and is recognized to be highly extroversive, also complies with this finding. It is interesting that she is so highly motivated by her recognition and advancement needs, that she even overcomes job dissatisfaction and gets used to her mission unsurmountable spontaneously, indicating her high degree of extraversion personality leads to more sensitively react to motivators than hygiene-related factors. Reinforcement Theory of MotivationWhile satisfying human needs are the key sources that drive employees to behave more productively, to the extent that managers understand employee needs, the organisa tions reward systems can be designed to meet them and reinforce employees for tell energies and priorities towards attainment of organisational goals. In the devil wears Prada, the main reinforcement tool utilized by Miranda to modify Andys behaviour at first she takes the job is recognized to be punishment, which mostly refers to reprimanding. Miranda berates Andy severely following her failure of getting the flight Miranda needs and actually succeeds in reducing the likelihood of the behaviour recurring under the circumstance in the film.However, it is worth noticing that Andy is totally frustrated and dont know what her fault is when Miranda punishes her through reprimanding. This indicates the controversial use of punishment in organisation which is often criticised for failure to direct the correct behaviour. (Samson & Draft, 2012) Then Mirandas reinforcement tool changes to avoidance learning, which stops ignoring Andy after Andy is into her position and shows her capacity. Miranda also encompass positive reinforcement that she offers gifts, such as cosmetics and bags, as well as higher level task indicating recognition (delivery of the mock-up book), and promotes Andy by replacing Emily. In contrast, Emily is given extinction reinforcement tool at this stage as her chance to go to Paris is withdrawn.ConclusionIn the first 30 minutes of the film, it shows that motivation arising from satisfying existence needs only leads Andy to deign to work and turns to be not enough to boost Andys productivity Miranda requires. Andy tends to just accomplish her tasks passively and evaluates her job requirements are not reasonable due to inadequate motivation. No extra, or even required passion or efforts is given spontaneously, which is described by Nigel as not trying. It indicates the inefficiency for organisations to drive employees to work only relying on payment.Besides, while the motivation from satisfying growth needs perfectly stimulates Emily to make both effort, the assistant job can never meet the growth needs of Andy, based on diverse aspirations of them two. It indicates one of the complexities faced by managers that identifying purpose derived from work for individuals is sophisticated, and meanwhile bound to motivate employees effectively as well as sustainably.Moreover, the film reveals the implication of two-factor theory for managers that poor hygiene factors will generate dissatisfaction, while recognition, achievement and opportunities for growth are powerful motivators that stimulate employees productivity. Whats fascinating about this is that even things like human relations training and job engagement dont intrinsically motivate people. They may charge a persons battery, but it will run flat again at some point of no real motivation is instilled.RecommendationAlthough it is a special situation that employees with particular personality, like Andy, can be forced to get involved through experiencing failure, the lesson o f motivation, that employees will emerge relatedness needs and then generate higher motivation once they concern and feel related to workplace, is rather a useful inspiration for managers to encompass enhancing employees involvement as motivation issues. To the extent manager generates employees involvement, they can initiatively get into organisational norms and makes additional efforts to behave towards managements expectations.Besides, as motivation arises from within employees and typically differs for each employee, organisations should learn about employees living conditions as well as personality variables that contribute to their diverse needs, with the purport of increasing job satisfaction and performance. On the basis of such knowledge, motivators aim to accurately satisfy employees intrinsic needs and then burst their productivity to the greatest extent, can be established.ReferenceAdrian Furnham and Andreas Eracleous Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic (2008) Personality, motivati on and job satisfaction Hertzberg meets the Big Five, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 24 No. 8, 2009, pp. 765-779Jennifer Kunz & Stefan Linder (2012) Organizational Control and Work exploit Another Look at the Interplay of Rewards and Motivation, European Accounting Review, 213, 591-621Samson, D. and Daft, R.L. (2012) Management (Fourth Asia Pacific Edition).Cengage Learning South MelbourneSmith, G.W. (2009) Using Feature Films as the Primary instructional Medium to Teach Organizational Behavior, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 23 No. 4 462-489

Absolute control on government in the provinces Essay

How successful was Louis of solemn commanding reserve on g everyplacenment in the lands?Louis through egress his command was believed by his predecessors to be an irresponsible monarch solely was this really true when put into practice. To achieve unassailable power Louis essential more or slight total avow everywhere everything that went on in the state of matters. For example he ask to make sure the taxes which he imposed were existence successfully amass and corruption was to a minimal. To some extent Louis was successful in imposing coercive power on the presidential term in the provinces.He forceed virtues which they didnt like and they werent allowed to remonstrate until the law was passed meaning no chance for real negotiation. Although to another extent his successes could digest been expressage as yes they werent allowed to remonstrate until the law was passed but the parlements would distillery be informed about the policy and Louis would discuss it w ith them first hand presentation the parlements still had some control. Furthermore some may say that Louis didnt mean or delegate to enforce unattackable control in the provinces. He saw the need for compromise and get it was in his best interest to do so.To a certain degree Louis successfully imposed more control on the organization in the provinces using his absolute powers. The governing body in France in the seventeenth superstar C had many government bodies. Examples of these atomic number 18 the tike governors and the parlements. Traditional historians believed Louis tried to reduce the powers of these government bodies to show he was gaining the absolute power he needed to be an absolute monarch. To begin with Louis took variant measures to lessen the power of the parlements.Thither were many steps which he took to do this. He firstly stubborn to cut their judicial wages by a third. Louis valued to show the parlements he was the main attraction in France and no atomic number 53 do-nothing question him. The wage cuts could too mean more bullion for Louis himself, to spend on his own interests. Being wealthy can show a persons power in society even today, so by gaining more bullion it would be presentation Louis absolute power over France is coming into effect. It would also come clear to the parlements that Louis is gaining absolute power over them and stopping him from doing so would lead to no good. close Louis created a law that parlements could not remonstrate until a law which was to be put in place was passed. If an act of remonstration was to arise ahead the law was really passed than in Louis words they must be executed quickly and only once. Again Louis is imposing his absolute control over the parlements. Louis made all the concluding decisions, were the parlements had really no say in the matter, if he was to pass a interrupticular law. Louis was the main leader and everyone had to come to him first to pass any sign of law. He was the main man. This shows his absolute control over the provinces and the whole of France was successfully being put in place. Louis could do anything without the consultation of others. He could control France in his own way if he expected to as he made the final decisions over anything which was to be passed by government or even the clergy. Laws would also be passed by Louis that the parlements did not like.An example of this was when in 1714 Louis insisted a law was to be passed that allowed his bastards sons to take the john if his legitimate family line ended. Many parlements did not like this law but were obliged to pass it as Louis would pass it any way as he is the final decision maker. Liberal historians believed Louis successfully imposed absolute control in the provinces. He was seen as an absolutistic to them and his absolute powers were not always for good but in short term showed he was powerful. Louis made all final decisions and the government seeme d to not have as frequently of a say as they may have liked too. The policies which he put in place to reduce the power of the parlements successfully showed him to be an absolute power over the government in the provinces.Louis did not just try to reduce power of parlement but he tried to control the provincial governors too. He wanted not just one radical of the government to be changed but the whole government to be controlled in his way. Louis wanted to show his absolute control was in place to everyone in the provinces. The provincial governors were usually part of the nobility of sword with quaint land holding proficients, privileges and held important status in the particular province they worked in. They traditionally were responsible for natural elevation money through tax perkion in the provinces and day to day decision ma mightiness. Louis tried imposing his absolute control over them too. He made sure taxes were collected properly and to his standards. He needed the right amount of money for him to spend and if they didnt collect it to a satisfactory standard he would have words and they may be punished in some way. This shows if you cross Louis you will be punished and you needed to corroborate on the right side of him.The provincial governors were nobility of the sword and were much easier to control. They had not bought their offices like the nobility of the robe. They needed to rest on his right side as they could be easily sacked. His absolute powers were shown through his banishment of Fouquet, who he thought was getting to big for his boots. He tried to dissent with Louis and was banished far away from the king in a rural area. Louis was showing his absolute control of his close companions too and his absolutism was coming through after this event. In some way he was successful in imposing his power over the provincial governors as they were less likely to disagree with him as they were al dictated places in the government. The king was the ruler over everyone and to question his authority would be bad idea. matchless group of raft in the provinces who could have helped him to gain absolute control were known as the intendants. They collect information for the king and supervised the enforcement of his decisions. The intendants were given reports on their progress from the king. If they werent doing their job properly and then the king would lay down what he wanted of them or else they may be gotten rid of. Louis shows here that he has control over the intendants as if they cross him they will not be part of his governing body bodies which most lot wanted to be part of. Furthermore the Intendants were only allowed to serve in a particular province for up to three years. Louis made sure they had no family or financial joining with these generalities. This helped Louis to gain absolute control over them. Making them only stay in a province for up to three years would allow Louis to stop the intendants from becoming attached to the province they are in.If the intendants were to stay in a province for too long they may become more lenient towards friends they may have made financial opportunities which could sway them from being loyal to the king. This allowed Louis to gain what he wanted out of the intendants such as they could spy on people in the provinces and see if they were being corrupt in any way. This allowed the king to control other people to as he would find out if a person is not obeying him first hand. Louis could then either punish them or give them are warning. Louis would payoff the punishment showing his absolute power over the people and the government. The intendants would be more reliable if not in one place for too long allowing Louis to control them and the people in the provinces. No one would question Louis in the provinces and he made all decisions overall. This showed his absolute power over government in the provinces was successfully being imposed.On the ot her hand however to another degree Louis power was limited by certain factors. In many areas he compromised and negotiated with government in the provinces rather than imposing absolute control. Even though Louis may have tried to gain absolute control there was still a lot of corruption among the government bodies especially by the provincial governors. The provincial governors collected the taxes for the king from people in the provinces. This may have help Louis build up his empire but the provincial governors would pocket some of the money for themselves meaning not all the money went to Louis. This shows Louis was not successful in imposing absolute power over the provincial governors. If he had absolute control all the money which the provincial governors collected would go to him. Louis did not always keep an eye on the government bodies in the provinces as he would be occupied with doing his own thing.The provincial governors would also employ lesser nobles to collect the ta xes for them to give to the king. Some were busy enjoying their own perfect lives using their position as part of government and friend to king. Nobles who were employed in the provinces would too pocket money from the taxes. The king would then receive less and less money. Louis absolutism was limited here as he would not always punish them for being corrupt but just let it go over his head. In his own mind Louis represent it better to negotiate with the provincial governors of how much taxes he should receive.The provincial governors were not that much threat to Louis in terms of uprising but he needed to keep them on side in found to ensure continued revenue from provinces. Again it shows Louis did not successfully have absolute control over the provinces. He had to negotiate terms with the provincial governors and did not have full control over what they did in their own lives as part of the government. Louis could not just change what they did as there could be say-so for re bellion. Even though it was unlikely it was possible.Consequently Louis powers over the parlements were not as absolutist as people may have thought. Yes he would not let the parlements remonstrate before the law was passed but more often than not he would discuss the law with the parlements first before he actually passed it. This shows he doesnt have absolute power over the parlements. He did want other peoples opinions before he put a law out there meaning they could sway his decisions on the particular law. He did consult them on the law but he didnt usually pass it without any discussions. His absolutism was limited as he shows he wants people to be on his side. If he was an absolutist he would not care about other peoples opinions on him. He did have the final say on laws but this was nothing new as forerunners took this on before him. Kings always have the right to formulate and pass laws. He was only doing what he was rightfully allowed.Next Louis was also limited in imposin g his absolute power on the parlements as they could either be his biggest supporter or biggest threat. They were not located at Versailles but lived by themselves away from the king. This limited Louis from tutelage an eye on them as each member of the parlement was scattered around France. Louis could not control what they did as much as he would have liked as they were far away from him. Also Louis wanted to stay on their good side and didnt want to try and control them too much. in that location were still memories of the Fronde in Louis mind, when the parlements turned on his father and Mazarin. He did not want this to happen over again as this would disrupt French society. Although Louis may have wanted to impose absolute power on the government in the provinces he could not go too far with his policies. He didnt want any rebellions to happen among the parlements. He tried lessening the power so this would not happen during his reign. 2oth hundred historians say the extent t o which Louis did have absolute power has anyway been exaggerated. Roger Mettam studied the provinces and it showed Louis ruled through cooperation. He didnt take powers of parlements but made deals with them.The government bodies in the provinces may have been the main part of Louis limited absolutism but there were other factors which may have limited him. The geography of France was one of these. France was and still is a large country, communication can be very hard. This would have limited Louis from retentivity an eye on the government powers in the provinces. He could not be in each province at any one time and during this time the provincial assemblies could have made decisions without his say so.Versailles was located on the other side of France to some provinces and government. This limited Louis from imposing his absolute control over the government in provinces as he was not in the middle of the discussions they may have as they are not located at Versailles with him. C ommunication between Louis and the government could limit him from knowing everything that that the government and the people in the provinces are doing. To be an absolutist Louis would have to know everything what was going on, so he can lay down the law to them.Similarly his economic position limited him from being successful in imposing his absolutism on the government. He didnt have the money to do what he wanted. thusly he needed to keep the church and the government on side. Louis needed money to be brocaded for him for his own pleasure and for France to run smoothly. Provincial governors raised money for him, do he needed to keep him on side to ensure his taxes were being collected to a good standard.If Louis had the money to be an absolutist he could have been but his financial difficulties limited him. The church needed to be kept on side as they were a big influence on his tax and money income. The divine right of kings could have influenced Louis to try to be an absolute monarch but this could have limited him too. It meant he needed to put the interest of the people of France before his own. Divine right of kings for Louis could mean cooperation with god so shouldnt he cooperate with the people and government.On the contrary one might argue that it wasnt Louis end to impose absolute control in the provinces. He recognised the need for compromise and conciliation and realised it was not in his best interest to simply dictate his will. Louis saw the need to discuss decisions with the government bodies for the country to run in the way he wanted. Trust between him and the government bodies would be a high. He liked being friends with some of the parlements and provincial government. Dictating to them rules and regulations and being overbearing would not allow this.

Burlington Norhtern- The Ares Decision Essay

The purpose of commission in sectors of an economy and agree ashess is to achieve goals and objectives of an organization with ease and at least embody. The ultimate purpose of any system is that it should be in falsify rather than tyrannical people (Simons 2000). Systems which are in perfect control another(prenominal) than controlling them show profound differences between the two concepts and the ability to achieve their goals with ease. Both the internal and external surroundingss impact an organization control structure. at that place are four pictures that forms the framework around which the theme of understanding of controls is built (Simons 2000)In the first paradigm is wiz that en adequate to(p)s organization to adjust themselves to their environment knowing what they want and how to achieve it with ease,. When an organization decides what they want, the process is referred to as slice of control system. The process would either be based towards centralization o r decentralization. Purpose would be, to effectively adapt to the changing environment.When an organization is able to identify and discover the best strategies and instruments of control, it is headed towards success. (pp 2) The second paradigm of the control system comprehensively covers the activities and behavior of top commission levels of the organization (described as management controls), process (operational control) and task or transactional control at the Grass-Root level (pg 3). The paradigm emphasizes on the desegregation at the board levels of the management team (management controls)The third paradigm explores the explicitly democratic and participative styles of management due to the growth in the field of study technology and knowledge management. This has resulted in research on management control and its relationship with strategic management. The paradigm deals with coordinating control systems with self control and designing and implementing systems for contr olling the not-so-sincere people. The fourth paradigm deals with the adaptive possibility of human behavior.Simons assumes that human beings want to contribute, achieve innovate and work competently even though they do not want to constitute specific external inducements to be so. Generation and implementation of adaptive control strategies are quite capable by human beings. This can be achieved finished mutual solace without an external force t make them fall in like and work for the organization. Everybody doing a transaction or government owned organization are looking for growth. Sufficient profit is thus inwrought to support grocery store expectations.The problem arises when the top management pushes too hard for profit and does not permit the right controls in places. In such(prenominal) cases employees may start to do dumb things like misusing revenues or making unethical decisions. In response to the above the come with should accordingly employ all sorts of contro ls. It should as well as be noted that if they go overboard in that same direction, the stockes exit risk becoming internally foc utilizations loosing growth king. This forms the basis of our paper in which we shall discuss the variety of forces in a business and to proceed the ultimate challenge.The Burlington Northern Rail Road (BN) was created in 1970 by the merger of four quetch roads, kale Burlington and Quincy railroad Northern pacific rail cable, Great Northern Railway, and the Spokane Portland and Seattle Railway Co. In 1980 another railway the ST. Louis-San Francisco Railway co. (Frisco) was acquired and merged into BN- (oligopoly watch 2003). BN decision to delay to deploy the ARES was as a result of perhaps because of the amply price tag associated with the system wide application. The Amtra Ares would benefit the Burlington Northern by working an advanced(a) select control system.Passengers would benefit with on time improvement in performance, reductions in running time and never-ending communication for subjoind service reliability. The Ares deployment would cause a vast improvement in the management on safety of trains on any given rail. It enables the railroad to determine the exact location of train. If implemented ARES allow permit an sumal capacity on rail lines and better enable trains to be dispatched faster. In attachment the technology go out also permit timely monitoring of the mechanical conditions of equipment. (Oligopoly watch briefs 2003)The participation also faces study competition form other established rails in US and therefore the industry profitability cyphers on porters five forces model for likely profitability. As porter (2005) a business has to understand the dynamics of its industries and merchandises in order to compete effectively in the market place. He contends that the war-ridden environment is created by the interaction of the five different forces acting on a business. (Bowman and Davviney 1 997) The original hawkish forces as proposed by porter, identified forces which would impact on an organizations behavior in a competitive market.The analysis focused on the following areas- The rivalry between existing sellers in the market The impact of the suppliers on the sellers The potential threat of new sellers entering the market. The threat of substantial products becoming procurable in the market. The power that is exerted by the nodes in the market. The analysis are well illustrate in gameboard in Appendix I DEGREE OF RIVALRY The Company faces major competition from other railway operators and means of transport. Rivalry determines the extent to which the entertain created by an industry will be dissipated by means of head-to-head competition.The concentration of alternative means of transport in the region seem to be a factor that affecting the effectiveness of the industry. ( High Beam Encyclopedi) The nature of the cost of transport should be protean in order to attract ore travelers to use that means of transport. The capacity of the rail should be realiseed by the management to accommodate more people and goods. They should also focus of market growth to increase competition and this shows their stability. In terms of operation and customer service their mode should be different from other lines in operation. THE affright OF ENTRYPorters admit that both potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. This threat is normally based on the market entry barriers. Entry barriers exist when it is difficult to economically operate for an outdoors in an industry already saturated with incumbents. The guild faces loss threats from other competitors in terms of political economy of scale. The benefits derived from such operation is worth noting and can be utilized to keep the company making other contracts in to industry faces challenges and barriers such as cost of entry, distribution channels and may l ack eminence. THREATS OF shiftWhen a company is faced by the threat of substitute products that pose to its profitability it will depend on the recounting price-to-performance ratios on the different types of services or products that the customer can turn to conform to his basic needs. The company should know that there are major alternatives to rail transport and that customers can use other means eg. Air and road. The threat of switching out should also be discovered as a factor that can affect their competitiveness in that these costs are incurred when retaining, retooling and redesigning when a customer switches to a different mode of transport. The company should be sensitive on their pricing system which should be in tandem or cheaper with other alternatives. When designing substitutes of their own such as luxury coaches they should consider if they can do without it other than adding extra costs. BUYER POWER Buyer power influences the appropriation of the value create d by an industry/company. The concentration of customers and size determines the buyer power. Other factors depend on how the company has marketed itself to the customers and differentiation of the competitors.The company poses credible threat of backward integration form the travelers who are their frequent customers. They should focus ofttimes on their keeping the customers base by dint of service improvement. The declining number of customers also does not frequent the route, their bargaining power towards the company falls means of attracting them back should be developed. SUPPLIER POWER This typically focuses on the relative size and concentration of companies twistinging similar services to the industry participants and degree of differentiation.The ability of a company to charge customers different prices in line with different in the value created indicates that there is high yield of services with low supply power For the supply power of Northern railway to exist the c ompany should Maintain their brand name power in recognizable in the market. Create different determine in services offered with different prices. Able to counter any increasing threat of forward integration that wills an increasing number of travelers. Ensure that the customer is well informed of his services. The merger of the four companies is a watertight point they should maintain. Case 2Burlington industry must capitalize on the stability and management control it has instituted over the years it has been in operations. Also begin planning and reporting by business line and should identify activities and functions that led themselves to competition. This is because the company faces a serious problem when it comes to regulating the railway transport. Use of technologies such as ARES should be encouraged by this company. The following measures as stated above cn help them to sort out this internal problems. 1. Management control They should try to reinforce what they al ready have accomplished over the years. inviolable structural and operating changes can result in increased stability, expense control and an effective schedule of capital reinvestment. The restructuring effort should- Reduce management levels clarify roles played by authority and enhance accountability. Should have regular reporting. Control budget Focus on its core duty of passenger rail service. 2. readying and reporting by business line Accountability in their financial transactions is one major factor they should consider. Transparency should be provided along the companies operating profile to facilitate management and god indemnity decision.In infrastructure management good technology like ARES which can help them control barter should be deployed. Such structures would bring a different dimension which not only focuses on the cost of each line of operation but the mission, goals and market opportunities associated with the company. The management accountability shoul d go hand in hand with the performance for each business line and this includes on time performance and customer service. 3. put on Competition The utimage goal of Northern rail line should be to focus on maintaining a vivacious passenger rail system with a competitive supply of service industry and delivery.This objective should be supported through The development of an activity based analytical capabilities that elatify the cost of individual business lines. By enhancing the carrying out a comprehensive review and implementation of operating efficiencies. 4. The company should focus on delivering services in a cost effective manner as possible. They should also identify opportunities for revenue publicity and savings. This can be achieved through Embracing innovation, marketing and pricing strategies. Creating flexible work rule that will enhance operational efficiency while maintaining service quality. Timely programing of departure and arrivals to reduce cost. beautif y in technology such as ARES that will improve productivity, help solve internal problems and failures. 5. node service and time performance. In order for the company to have an even customer service it should focus on the following- Develop a highly skilled, service oriented workforce which has the capacity to interact well with customers. Create timely dispatch and arrival times which will avoid congestion. Evaluate on areas where improved customer care can be achieved at a lower cost through outsourcing of services. Case 3The future on the success of Burlington Northern rail depends upon its inputs form the high art volumes, higher revenues yields while ensuring operating capacity is sufficient to match requisite and lowered unit costs. They therefore need or are obligated to address these have intercourses in grater details superior performance will only flow if the company gets better at managing new care competencies like pricing, capacity, networks and schedules. In a ddition o making improvements in general productivity the company should have better cost management by addressing this cost disparities in comparison with other transport modes.Burlington should move from a constraint set environment to a market driven one with an aim of capturing and retaining the market share. This will be achieved if they offer excellent services to customers and ensure that resources are used properly. Failure to comply with such minor issue will push them out of business as they lose market share. Case 4 The advanced Railway electric system (ARES) is important if implemented would address traffic and increase yield through market planning and scheduling technology. The increase operating would lower operating cost.The management science techniques as they are called are being used for queuing, decision, information, statistics as well as stimulation, operation research and elongated programming. The new approach for planning and re-configuring rail networks are opening up key opportunities and major savings. To maintain a competitive advantage the company should aim at developing high speed rail networks and advanced scheduling though ARES a key factor in matching out to demand. The increase in demands calls for an effective system to build schedules to flirt the changing demand, both constraint driven and market driven criteria.The system makes it possible to choose between all alternatives and find best arrangements tailored to meet the organizations conditions. If Burlington does not implement ARES it is faced with and impending threat on traffic as the railway scheduling is becoming more and more complex. They will not be able to meet the changing demand and because of this they cannot maximize profits as there will be increased operational costs. Being able to find the best technology like ARES in such a difficult choice environment is a strong competitive advantage.

Language Barriers

Language barriers can impede the educational encourage of minorities. The United States is facing the dispute of diction barriers in the way of educational progress of minorities. There argon approximately 3.5 million children who are not proficient in incline language cod to their various native language.The United States has received maximum number of new arrivals in 1960s. these arrivals included refugees, il levelheaded and legal immigrants and migrants. As a result, number of enrolled students increased significantly and a large number of new comers were admitted in the public schools of the United States.These newly enrolled students were from different nations so they were proficient in their native languages but their technique level regarding English language was very low or none. There were not/hardly equal to(p) to blab English. To overcome this ch each(prenominal)enge, several educational policies, and legislation and court ends were made (Berman et al, 1992).Th e Bilingual Education mask of 1968, Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary fare was the first step that was taken to overcome the challenge of language barrier. The excogitation of this Act was to make sure that all the Mexican American children learn to speak English to an extent that can enable them to actively participate in their educational activities. The role of this Act was later expanded to overcome the language barrier of all non-English speech production children. It is shown in Chavez, (1991, p. 11-12) It is not the purpose of the bill to create pockets of different languages through the country but just to try to make those children in full literate in English.Several steps were taken to overcome the language barrier. The purpose of all the steps was to enable all non-English speaking children to speak English fluently. An example of such as decision was made in Lau v. Nichols (1974) when the United States Supreme Court declared that every non-English speaking child has got the right wing to get special assistance in learning English. It statedThere is no equality of intercession merely by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers, and curriculum for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. Teaching English to the students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak the language is one choice. Giving instruction to the group in Chinese is another. There may be others. (Chavez, 1991, pp. 14-15)A large number of Limited English Proficient students are enrolling in the 10th grade test. It was too found that the number of Hispanic high school graduates was very less all over the country. This was due to large number of students who were dropped out of the school. Although there have been several efforts to improve the English language of non-English speaking students specially Hispanic students but it is found that despite all these efforts, the drop out rate of Hispa nic students has not decreased to a significant extent (Hispanic Dropout Project, 1998).ConclusionEnglish language learners are usually exempted from appearing in the assessments that are done for native English speakers. It is quite unfair because non-English speaking students are left behind. It is suggested that non-English speakers should also be allowed to appear in the same assessment programs that are done for English speakers. This will help the non-English speakers to get out of the feeling of left out and they will progress a breast with native English speakers.ReferencesBerman, P., Chambers, J., Gandara, P., McLaughlin, B., Minicucci, C., Nelson, D., Olsen, L, & Parrish, T. (1992). Meeting the challenge of language diversity An evaluation of programs for pupils with limited attainment in English. Berkeley, CA BW Associates.Chavez, L. (1991). Out of the barrio Towards a new politics of Hispanic assimilation. New York Basic.Hispanic Dropout Project. (1998). No more excuse s The final report of the Hispanic dropout project. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Education.Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974).

To what extent is the car club proposal an appropriate extension strategy for First Cars Plc

The main land why First Cars Plc. should adopt this Car friendship intention is due to the current commercialise position of the firm. The firms current market share (in the political machine letting market) is decreasing due to a leading budget airline offering simple machine rental services to its passengers. The new proposal to target the Car Club market would be very near to First Cars as this market is experiencing rapid growth due to the ever rising be of car ownership (predicted to rise by 20% in the period 2010-14). Early entrance to this market could expose an excellent chance to accumulate market share within a market which soon does non have much competition, and with the 2012 Olympic Games just around the corner, this could not have come at a better time. Whereas the current car rental side of the company is losing market share, the Car Club market is predicted to do nothing but grow in size (110% in volume and 300% in value) in the period 2010-14, imaginein g that this decision could be the difference between a profitable & ontogenesis business, and a failing one.Another reason why First Cars Plc. should adopt this proposal is because of a fit in from the Mayor of London. This 1.5m grant is for the creation of car club bays within the inner-city sphere of London (the main area being considered for the object), and would potentially reduce the costs of setting up the infrastructure for the Car Club scheme to operate. This would have a great impact on the business as one of the main costs to this scheme would be adequate parking within the area. The fact that the grant is from the Mayor of London depart also generate publicity for the company, which is always a good thing.Finally, this is suggested as a pilot scheme. In the unlikely event that this scheme does not prove successful, First Cars Plc. can always fall cover on their existing services, although they will be in a large amount of debt.One reason against the be after is th e financial implications for the firm. The training budget for the Car Club is 400,000, over 10 times to a greater extent that their current spend on training. The budget for marketing is three times the size, and the average staff net profit is predicted to rise by around 10,000. When considering these figures one has to question the feasibility of this scheme. This is a large outlay for a pilot scheme and the company has limited financial reserves. This scheme would also fall within the New Product Development area of Ansoffs matrix, an area with a large amount of risk.The plan also suggests that worry should operate in a decentralised manner. This means that instead of a equalize of senior managers being responsible for the whole company, control is spread across a larger reduce of employees. This is a different method to their current centralised management style and means that the senior managers currently in control of the company would lose part their control of the busin ess. As the company is new to this management style, it is quite risky. Poor decisions could be made by inexperienced staff and could lead to disaster.The case study also states that Amy is keen to make a big impact within the business quickly. Does this mean that she has rushed these plans in order to achieve this? Has she doctored the figures in order to progress the scheme forward and coin her superiors? This could mean that the business is moving into a new market based on data which is not even correct.Overall I do not think that First Cars Plc. should adopt the Car Club Proposal. The idea looked initially promising an emerging market which is predicted to grow by 300% in value, with fine competition at present. These suggestions are all around figures that Amy has put together however. Without the knowledge that Amy may be biased with her predictions, this would appear to be a very good proposal. However, the depth and accuracy of the plan is springy to ensure the success o f the business and as this has been brought into question, I would have to say that I do not recommend that First Cars Plc. should progress any further with this proposal until at least this data has been examine and agreed by the directors.