Battle of Chickamauga Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The following day, second day of fighting, the battle began again at around 9:30 in the morning, with coordinated left assaults by the confederate army against the Cumberland army. About an hour into the war, General Rosecrans thought that there was a gap in his line, and as a remedy, he ordered General Thomas Wood to fill the gap. General Wood was convinced that there wasn’t any gap in the Rosecrans’ army, and he was sure that taking such an action would open a wide gap in the Cumberland union army. However, having been accused before for not taking orders from his superiors, General Wood obliged and this created a wide gap in the Cumberland union army. This was a huge blunder that General Rosecrans made and the mistake led to the defeat of the Rosecrans’ union army. Immediately after noticing the wide gap in the Rosecrans’ union army, the confederate army capitalized swiftly on the gap to assault the Rosecrans’ army. The attack was led by General Longstreet, and the attacking division had eight brigades dividend into three lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Chickamauga or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The united Cumberland army tried to resist the assault, but General Longstreet’s attack was so strong that the Rosecrans’ army was unable to resist it. For this reason, the united Cumberland army were pushed far away in the field. Following this move, two thirds of the Rosecrans’ union army members were in full flight, running away from the mighty confederate army. The confederate army seized the golden opportunity and they pursued the fleeing Rosecrans’ army, they managed to bag a sizeable number of the fleeing Cumberland army. But although a good number of the Cumberland army members run away, out of fear, there were some members of the Cumberland army who withstood the confederate attack throughout the day. The leader of those who resisted the confederate assault was George. H. Thomas. Thomas gathered a number of gallant Cumberland soldiers and they formed an ad hoc force that operated on top of an elevation known as S nodgrass (Cleaves, 47). This ad hoc force was reinforced by Major General Gordon Granger and Brigadier James Steedman. The ad hoc force managed to resist the assaults of the confederate army throughout the afternoon. And at night, the members of the ad hoc force withdraw secretly to Chattanooga, where they spent the night. The following day, Thomas urged the Rosecrans to go back to the war, but the members of the Cumberland army refused to go back to the war, for they were convinced that they could not win the war.

African Americans And African American History - 959 Words

As African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generation will lose sight of what our ancestors have been through (Roberts, 2011). The younger generation is not interested in African American History. It is about what someone can do for them. The younger generation wants everything handed to them not to work for it because the younger generation thinks the world owe them something. The younger generation does not have respect for their elders now. As African Americans we should not forget the segregation and the hanging and deaths of African Americans because of the color of their skin. It is also i mportant because racism still exist today (Roberts, 2011). There are still racist white people that do not want the world to change (Roberts, 2011). There are some white people that want to go back to slavery because white people think African Americans are not worthy (Roberts, 2011). White people do not want African Americans to know about their history because there were intelligent African Americans that were inventors. Some examples of African American inventors are: Garrett Morgan inventedShow MoreRelatedAfrican American History : African Americans1269 Words   |  6 PagesThere are countless examples of how African Americans have transformed history or made a mark on our country. African Americans have displayed heroism and bravery for what we believe in. Without Black History Month as a holiday, these people would not have been recognized for all of their many achievements. We must continue to celebrate the achievements of African Americans, and we must correct the inconsist ences of the past. Black History Month should be kept as a national holiday as long as weRead MoreAfrican American History : African Americans Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican-American history originates before the development of the United States as an autonomous nation, and African-American writing has correspondingly profound roots. The African-American writers kept the subject of southern slavery at the top and wrote about their experiences in 18th century America. The slave accounts were vital to African-American writing. Exactly 6,000 previous slaves from North America and the Caribbean composed records of their lives, with about 150 of these distributedRead MoreAfrican American History1885 Words   |  8 PagesGarvey captured the interest of many black Americans when he emphasized black nationalism and black separatism (White et. al. 2012). In 1966, former leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Stokely Carmichael, echoed Garvey’s philo sophy when he coined the term â€Å"Black Power† at a rally in Mississippi (Brown 2014). Introduced as an oratorical tool, black power urged race pride and race unity to inspire militancy among black Americans. It was founded on the belief that black survivalRead MoreThe History Of Police And African Americans Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans in modern America have bound together in unity against inequality to help end the unnecessary murders and unjust police beatings. However, where did these tensions between police and African Americans begin? This question can be answered by looking at the history of police in America and why they were originally established. Police first came on to the scene in 1704 when Carolina established the nation’s first slave patrol that would turn into what we know today as the modern policeRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom And African American History 1 XIN LI The United States is a immigrant country, which faces varieties of problems. The African American problem is one of the most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of educationRead MoreThe Class Of African American History1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthis class...African American history. But why? Why did everyone inelegantly stare? Why does your skin color make matters this problematic? It’s essential that a class like African American history becomes more diverse. Most assume that this class is aiming for an African American audience. This assumption is completely misleading, but most fall the underdog to. The homogeneity society amongst the students is bare and should be altered. I’m currently enrolled in African American history. I’ve noticedRead More African American History Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesAfrican American History During my early years of school, I remember being taught white accomplishments and wondering if blacks and other people of color had made any significant contributions to todays world. I noticed that television consist of all white people. Throughout my research paper I hope to cover certain aspects of African American heritage. Aspects such as blacks making up the largest minority group in the United States, although Mexican-Americans are rapidly changing thatRead MoreAfrican American History 122001 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the years of 1873-1923 was the worse for African American history. After 1877, blacks’ political rights were taken away through many occasions such as: fraud, intimidation, and murder. In 1890, legislators in Mississippi called a constitutional convention, implementing poll taxes, literacy requirements, and banned voting for people convicted of theft, perjury, arson, bribery, and burglary. Whites thought if they could put a limit to the educationa l achievements of Negroes, they could alsoRead MoreEssay on African American History in America1064 Words   |  5 Pagesrepresents one of the major themes in the history of African Diaspora in the Americas† (para. 1). African American history plays an important role in American history not only because the Civil Rights Movement, but because of the strength and courage of Afro-Americans struggling to live a good life in America. Afro-Americans have been present in this country since the early 1600’s, and have been making history since. We as Americans have studied American history all throughout school, and took one MonthRead MoreNational African American History Year876 Words   |  4 Pagesyear, February is to be known as the Black History Month, or formally known as National African American History Month. It is an annual commemoration of achievements by African Americans and a time for recognizing the central role of African Americans in United States history. Bl ack History Month had its origins in 1915 when Dr. Cater G. Woodson and his colleagues founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (African American History Month, 2014). This organization is now known

Modeling of Engineering System

Question In the report format used in CQUniversity (refer to Help section below for a link to the report guide), explain how you would complete the following modelling tasks. The report presentation including the references and appendices will be awarded 10 marks. You are to develop the report having each task clearly numbered together with your answer. You are also expected to write an introduction and conclusion for this report. In performing the following tasks, you have to strictly follow all diagramming rules used in the text for this course. In each task, please feel free to make any assumption necessary for the readers. The explanation of your assumptions can help the readers to understand what you have considered differently but as important criteria in producing your model. 1. You are assigned a role to develop a new system based on the project case study. Draw a context diagram and a level-0 DFD for it. 2. Draw a use case diagram by using the Level-0 DFD that you provided in Task 1. Note: Your use case diagram directly relates to the information in Level-0 diagram, but it will also relate to the same system presented as in the context diagram. 3. Develop a domain model class diagram for the system based on the project case study. 4. Develop an activity diagram for the scenario. 5. Using the Activity Diagram above, produce a system sequence diagram, i.e. only include two swimlanes one for the actor (PSSM employee) and the other for the entire system as a system class object. Answer Introduction In the computer engineering field modeling play vital role to evaluative and analyze the performance of the system and the output which is produced that is depend upon the standard of modeling design (Simsion and Witt, 2005). Modeling is used to represent the entire part of the system and it also provides the facility in order to understand, manipulate and recognize the aims and objectives. Thus from the case study, it is observed that the professional and scientific staff management is the independent agency that provides the services regarding staffs and employees to other organization. Now in present PSSM has a contact with the oil and gas organization by them the agency has agreed to supply the geologist. The geologist must have at least master degree qualification and the oil organization give $5000 salary per week to the agency. PSSM includes the astrophysics, geologist and computer science. Now PSSM wants to use software in its organization for the purpose of reducing the issu es and problems. Problems associated with the current system One of the major disadvantage associate with the database is to access to the database can be had only by one member on a particular moment of time and this characteristics of the database is implanted in the nature of its production. It is difficult to manage Data and record are held in both computer and paper. The proper report of the customer and client is missing and tracing facility is not good. System architecture The main aim and objective of this proposed architecture is to remove the issues and problems. This proposed architecture are also helps the organization in order to solve the duplication and paper records. The proposed architecture is removed the redundancy problem. DFD DFD is based on the data flow diagram and it is used to evaluate and analyze the flow of the information and data of the system (Simsion and Witt, 2005). Task 1 Context diagram Context diagram contain the one node and also known as the level o. content diagram is used to represent the all function of the system. Arrow line is used to represent the interface between the external entity and system (Clements, 2003). Context diagram is shown in below. DFD0 DFD is used to represent the flow of information and data from one end to another end (Bruza and Weide, 1989). 0 DFD and high level is shown in below. In the, proposed architecture four database are used like staffs record, book related database, customer database and PPSM_ACNT database Task 2 Use case diagram Use case diagram is used is used to represent the how users and client uses the system to achieve the particular objective (Vliet, 2000). Use case diagram are build with the help of the DFD 0 and shown in below. Task 3 Domain class model Domain model is represented the object, methods and the functionalities of the system. Domain model is the conceptual model that helps the developer to identify the problems (Vliet, 2000). Domain model architecture is given below. Task 4 Activity diagram Activity diagram is used to represent the flow of activities and to tract the activity of the system (Faulkner, 2009). PSSM activity diagram is shown in below. Task 5 Sequence diagram Modeling of the action of the system is done with the help of sequence diagram (Faulkner, 2009). Conclusion Thus from above activities it is seen that the functionality of the data base is improved with the help of improvement of the database. Activities, DFD, sequence, data modeling are important part in which improvement of database is done (Faulkner, 2009). It is also observed that the database is removed the redundancy problem. Reference Bruza, P. and Weide, T. (1989). The semantics of data flow diagrams. Nijmegen, the Netherlands: University of Nijmegen, Dept. of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics. Clements, P. (2003). Documenting software architectures. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Faulkner, C. (2009). Software engineering. Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media. Simsion, G. and Witt, G. (2005). Data modeling essentials. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Vliet, H. (2000). Software engineering. Chichester [England]: John Wiley.

Why Taking Too Many AP Classes Can Hurt You

One of the most important factors university admissions offices look at when evaluating a candidate is academic rigor. But how challenging is too challenging?When it comes to academic rigor, Advanced Placement (AP) courses are a measure of whether applicants have challenged themselves enough with their curriculum. So, naturally, the more AP courses you have in your schedule and the more difficult your courses, the better, right? Not necessarily. Here are the factors to consider whether you’re striking the right balance with the number of APs you’re taking.1) Impact on GPAYou are first and foremost assessed based on your GPA – your ability to perform well in the classes you’ve chosen. So if your AP course load is going to overwhelm your GPA where your grades suffer because the material is too difficult or you’re taking too many APs to be able to properly devote sufficient time to all of them, then it’s not worth it. Between stellar grades with a comparatively easier workload and mediocre grades with tough courses, the first is more compelling for admissions.However, the caveat here is that you should not be taking the easiest classes. Right after the GPA, colleges look at the difficulty of your classes so a sky high GPA without any Honors or AP courses are a red flag as well. The point is that you want to strike a healthy balance. Don’t take so many APs that you sabotage your GPA. But don’t strip your schedule of challenging courses either. *Tip re: GPA weighting. Some high schools weight your GPA (aka give you a GPA-boost) if you take Honors or AP classes. While this does provide a buffer so you don’t end up with a low GPA, consider the next few factors as well. 2) Reflection of Academic Interests Just because you can take all the AP classes your school offers doesn’t mean you should. Which courses you choose to focus your attention on will help college understand what your academic interests are and whether they’re a fit with their programs. The classes you choose to challenge yourself in should be aligned with your intended major or general course of study that you indicate you have an interest in. Of course, you may not have insight into this as an underclassman, so you can simply gauge whether you like humanities or math and science classes more. Pursue the advanced classes you’re more interested in. This will help you figure out your college major later on and potentially point you toward a career path! 3) Prioritizing Your Time With a finite number of hours in a day, you can’t devote each waking hour to schoolwork so you should be choosy about which courses you take to not detract from your extracurricular or other involvements. Take it from someone who took 15 APs. It’s not worth the loss of sleep. You can be allocating the time you’re spending on one class to developing other interests or exploring potential career paths. Having a moderate, balanced course load will help you demonstrate to colleges that you know how to prioritize and manage your time. If you know how to balance your schedule so you’re not overwhelmed with your course load in high school, you’ll have an easier time doing the same in college. Everything in moderation. 4) A Holistic Admissions Review Your application will be evaluated holistically. This means that your extracurriculars should support your coursework and vice versa. You’ll want your application to be cohesive, so your course picks junior and senior years should be more focused than your freshman and sophomore year courses because you ostensibly have narrowed down your academic interests a bit. Again, your AP coursework should reflect any extracurricular academic interests (e.g., you should be taking AP science courses if you’re also conducting science research or you should be taking AP English if you’re President of the Literature Club). Make sure there aren’t discrepancies in your application where it would be strange for you to not have an offered AP class on your schedule when it looks like you should. 5) College Credit If you’re taking a ton of AP classes with the intention to have the courses count in college, there are two very important distinctions to make: Are you trying to graduate early or are you trying to place out of introductory courses? The vast majority of highly selective universities will limit the number of AP credits you’re allowed to count toward graduation since they’re not incentivized to let you graduate early. Remember my 15 APs? Only 2 of them counted toward graduation credits. If you want the AP credits to place out of university introductory courses, the question is why? The same advice about balancing your courses so you’re not overly challenged goes for college as well. While selective universities are more open to letting you receive credit for an introductory class and place into a higher level, this won’t necessarily get you out of taking the same number of credits to graduate from a major. (You can search individual university policies about AP credits here.) In the end, there is no â€Å"right† number of APs to take. The onus is on you to really understand what you can handle to still achieve at a high standard in each course and to balance your coursework with other non-classroom interests you might have. Don’t forget to just be a kid! With that said, anywhere from 5 to 10 APs is a good range to be in if you’re targeting highly selective schools. Final note: Unless you’re already achieving at a level in a subject area that your high school course offering and high school teachers cannot handle (meaning you are performing college-level research that you need a specialized professor to mentor you), there’s no reason to take classes at your local college. Applying this year? For access to our college profiles, upgrade to ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you get into your dream school.

Femininity Essays

Masculinity/Femininity Essays Masculinity/Femininity Paper Masculinity/Femininity Paper Things Fall Apart Masculine/Feminine In most cultures an individual’s gender will influence their characterization. For instance, Ibo tribes in Africa classify people according to their gender. Women are thought as submissive individuals who are to some extent weaker than men. Men on the other hand are thought of as strong beings with much expected from them. Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart strongly emphasizes on the categorization of masculinity and femininity in the society of Ibo tribes. Throughout the book, Okonkwo’s idea about masculinity situates him with respect to his community. In his community Okonkwo is greatly praised for his masculine traits. It is Okonkwo integration with masculinity that leads to him becoming an â€Å"outcast† in his community and to him committing suicide. According to Okonkwo it was better dead then to summit to femininity, any feminine action on a man’s behalf is considered to be humiliating his reputation. Okonkwo’s father Unoka is an example of a man with a humiliating reputation. Unoka is a failure in his community and considered an â€Å"unsuccessful† man, due to the fact that he was always borrowing money and his family suffers from hunger. : When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt. † (p. 8) For this reason Unoka is often referred to as being agbala, which is the word for a woman or a man with no titles. Okonkwo is the opposite of his father, he is a successful man. It is because of his father that he tends to look down at feminine actions of any kind, because of this fear of becoming his father or having one of his sons become like his father. In contrast to his father Okonkwo earns many titles and instead of being looked down upon, he is greatly admired for his achievements. Once of Okonkwo’s greatest achievement is his escapement from his father femininity and failure. â€Å"But for a young man whose father had no yams, there was no other way. And what made it worse in Okonkwos case was that he had to support his mother and two sisters from his meager harvest. And supporting his mother also meant supporting his father†¦And so at a very early age when he was striving desperately to build a barn through share-cropping Okonkwo was also fending for his father’s house. †(p. 22) Okonkwo is able to do what his father does not do. Okonkwo is able to take care of the family. From an early age Okonkwo has to do his work and his father’s work of supporting the family all at the same time. One can see that by taking on his father’s tasks and his own tasks that he wants to rise above his father’s legacy of spendthrift, lazy behavior, which he views as weak and therefore feminine. Not only does Okonkwo show that he is trying to rise above his father’s legacy but he also shows his aggravation and lack of patience with unsuccessful men. During the meeting held for men to discuss the next ancestral feast, Okonkwo let off on a man with no titles. The man with no titles contradicted Okonkwo and displeased with his comment Okonkwo fired back â€Å"this meeting is for men. † With this comment Okonkwo â€Å"killed† this man’s spirit by insinuating that the man was feminine for having no titles and for being stupid enough to contradict Okonkwo who is a man of titles. The people in the village were very displeased with Okonkwo’s comment asking him to apologize. This shows that although Okonkwo is viewed as a hero, his impatience and extreme masculinity make him an outcast among the people in his tribe. Okonkwo’s impatience and extreme masculinity is not what solely makes him an outcast in his tribe but ironically it was also his feminine sin that forces him to be cast out of his tribe for a long period of time. In the tribe there are two kinds of crimes a female crime and a male crime, when Okonkwo’s gun blows up, he incidentally kills a boy and that is a feminine sin. It is considered a feminine sin because it is done unintentionally. This shows how his masculinity as well as feminine crime makes Okonkwo an outcast in his community. Even though his faults are unintentional it is foreshadowing how Okonkwo will never again fit in with his native tribe or any other one for that matter. Similarly to his father Okonkwo is unable to fit in with the native tribe or even adapt to changing times. On the contrary to his father who stood for an inactive, poor, spendthrift, weak, calm, and a man that is interested in music, Okonkwo manages to attain great social and financial success by being the complete opposite of that a productive, wealthy, thrifty, brave, violent, and a man unalterably opposed to music. Yet, both Okonkwo and Unoka are incapable of adapting to changing times; as other people come to live with the people Umuofia, namely the white men. One can see his inability to cope with his culture or that of the white men, towards the end of the story when Okonkwo is speaking on how to deal with the abominable gang of white men. â€Å"Let us not reason like cowards, if a man comes into my hut and defecates on the floor, what do I do? Do I shut my eyes? No! I take a stick and break his head. That is what a man does. These people are daily pouring filth over us and Okeye says we should pretend not to see†¦this was a womanly clan he thought. Such a thing could never happen in his fatherland, Umuofia† (p. 158-159) One can see that even in his exiled state in his mother land, he is unable to see things the way others in his mother’s clan see it. Unlike Okonkwo, the people in his mother’s clan feel that resorting to violence and brutality is unnecessary. They believe that violence and brutality is not their affair but instead it is of the gods and the offender. His masculine attitudes of not â€Å"reasoning like cowards† and â€Å"this is what a man does† are examples of how he cannot and will not back down from his war ways, which shows he is trying to strive away from his father’s legacy of a man who had no titles. Through out the book Okonkwo tries to get the most he can possibly attain. Okonkwo was really first recognized for throwing the cat and becoming the greatest wrestler in Umuofia. This probably has him thinking that the way to achieve greatness is through sheer strength alone. Okonkwo thinks that his mother’s clan is too womanly compare to his father’s clan of Umuofia, however even when he returns to his father’s clan after the completion of his exile he is also very much out of place there also. This is due to his obsessive masculinity and also because he just cannot adapt to the changing of times. Okonkwo â€Å"had lost his place among the masked spirits in the village† in addition to that â€Å"he had lost the chance to lead his warlike clan against the new religion† consequently he lost any voice he ever had and was a â€Å"stranger† in his land seeming as nobody appeared to have taken any special notice of the â€Å"warriors† return. He speaks with his friend Obierika about the strangeness of his home land saying, â€Å"Perhaps I have been away too long, but I cannot understand these things you tell me. What is it that has happened to our people? Why have they lost the power to fight I have also heard that Abame people were weak and foolish. Why did they not fight back? Had they no guns and machetes? We would be cowards to compare ourselves with the men of Abame. Their fathers had never dared to stand before our ancestors. We must fight these men and drive them from the land. † (p. 199-201) Okonkwo does not realize that everyone else in the tribe is adapting to the inevitable and that is the assimilation or the taking over of by British people’s culture. Okonkwo does not see that his place in society is diminishing very rapidly and his masculinity is not a match for what the other culture brings with them, that being its cleverness. He does not even understand his own people and why they are doing what they do. All he thinks of responding with is again violence and brutality another sign of his Macho only attitude. The people in his tribe are slowly and easily succumbing to the white man as his friends Obierika tells him right afterwards â€Å"It is already too late, our own men and sons have joined the ranks of the stranger. This is perhaps all Okonkwo can take in and also foreshadowing the events that will happen later on in the story. Even so Okonkwo feels that his tribe could still be saved if only people were to get together and strike back at what was upon them. Okonkwo blames Egonwanne saying that he is a â€Å"coward† and that if it was not for his womanish wisdom Umuofia would not be going through all that it is going through right now. Okonkwo does not know that there is really nobody to blame and its just the changing times. To put it simply Okonkwo is a lion in the snow left all by his lonesome self, not adjusting to the times and letting his masculinity get the best of him. â€Å"He had brought down his war dress, which he had not touched since his return from exile. † To further emphasize on his masculinity Okonkwo goes out with his war gear. This not only distinguishes him from the rest of the men in the town meeting but also completes his transformation into an outsider in his own community; a tribe that would not go to war. â€Å"Okonkwo stood looking at the dead man. He knew that Umuofia would not go to war. He knew because they had let the other messengers escape they had broken into tumult instead of action. He discerned fright in this tumult. †(p. 205) Okonkwo figures out the fact that Umuofia would not go to war during a meeting regarding the white man. In this meeting he cuts a white messenger’s head off and sees the looks of the people’s faces and how they will take no action against the â€Å"strangers† in their land. During this meeting Okonkwo sets on his path to becoming a complete outsider. He is a complete Outsider/Exile due to his masculinity and that the femininity of his â€Å"fellow’ tribesman. Okonkwo finally completes his transformation into a complete outsider in his tribe when he commits suicide. The district commissioner asks someone to take down the hanging body of Okonkwo. One of the people in the tribe responds to him saying that it against their custom. â€Å"†¦a man who commits it will not be buried by his clansmen. His body is evil, and only strangers may touch it. That is why we ask you people to bring him down, because you are strangers. †(p. 207) With this final act Okonkwo sets himself free from a culture from which he is no longer a part of but an old relic, a symbol of the changing times. His suicide makes it so that people know that he no longer wishes to associate himself with his tribe. He feels that it is all â€Å"falling apart† and his masculine ways just cannot adjust to the womanly way that the tribe is headed in. In conclusion, Okonkwo’s masculine way might appear too extreme to have led to suicide, yet the audience must understand that his masculinity was not only a way of life but also a way to escape from his father’s â€Å"feminine† lifestyle. Okonkwo’s father was degrading due to his lack of masculinity and Okonkwo could not bear to be the same. Okonkwo put his masculinity before anything. Okonkwo would rather be an outsider in his community than a doomed â€Å"feminine† man. When Okonkwo sees that his people have given up the will to fight and stand up for them selves, Okonkwo feel’s discouraged. Not standing up to fight for your country, your people and your family is cowardly, and Okonkwo just cannot and will not submit to cowardliness. Okonkwo insisted that his people go back to its war based lifestyle, yet his people refused to go to war against the whites. Okonkwo was to manly to change his mind and assimilate to the whites, he viewed that as weak and feminine. Although his refusal to adapt to his tribes new ways made him an outsider, Okonkwo could not and would not give up his manliness for anything, not even his life. Okonkwo choose his death before ever submitting to femininity, and his greatest fear of becoming just like his father who held such a trait.

9 Ways to Make Your Goals Happen By The End of 2015

9 Ways to Make Your Goals Happen By The End of 2015 I know what you’re thinking. The holidays are here. Before we know it, the ball will drop and the arrival of 2016 will kill off all our hopes of accomplishing our biggest goals for 2015. But there’s still time! Don’t roll over your resolutions for this year just because it’s almost next year. Take these simple steps to clear your desk- and your conscience- and make 2015 a real success.1. Make a ListWrite down all of your unmet milestones and goals for this year, then choose your top two or three. Focus on reasonable goals that depend almost or entirely on you, rather than outside factors or people. Then make a list of every actionable item you can do to meet those goals and get to work.2. Tell the WorldEnlist your pals and family and social media crew to keep you honest. Tell your mentor what you’re trying to accomplish. Tell your supportive family member, or your best friend, or your Twitter feed. Go public with your goals and the world will help h old you accountable for meeting them.3. Make a PlanLike Macaulay Culkin prepping his turf for the great burglar invasion of 1990, you need a battle strategy. There’s about one month left in the year, which is more than enough time, but it’s going to fly. Divide your actionable tasks among the weeks and make sure you don’t let any weeks slip by.4. Cut out the Excess NoiseThis one is like a pair of noise-cancelling headphones for your schedule! Find 3-5 places in your routine where you are wasting time: on Facebook, or loitering by the coffee machine, or playing Candy Crush on the commute home. For the next eight weeks, put that dawdle time into superdrive and chip away at your goal list instead. You’ll be amazed at how much more you can get done.5. Find Time to ExerciseThe best way to increase your energy, stamina, and focus is to exercise. The endorphins will juice you up, and so will the confidence boost of having hit the gym. You’ll make better p rogress on your goals and get fit in the process.6. Worst Things FirstSave the easiest, simplest tasks for last when you’re in your final sprint. Start every morning by tackling the hardest task first, while you’re freshest and your motivation is at a daily peak. Things will only get easier as you work.7. Clock itSet yourself a timer and don’t get up from what you’re doing until it goes off. You’ll need the breaks, so make sure to make the best of those as well. Check out the free Pomodoro app to help with this.8. Create a â€Å"ta-da list†You’ve heard of a to-do list, but how about a daily ta-da list? Look over everything you’ve done that day and revel in your productivity. It will help you clear the last few hurdles and stay motivated to get those goals met before the new year.9. Designate the Holiday as a RewardI know it feels like one big overstuffed calendar of distractions, parties, tempting buffets, and open bars. But us e all this festivity to your advantage! Build holiday treats and fun into your schedule as a reward for crossing tasks of your list.One month isn’t much, but it’s enough. Now, shouldn’t you be making that goal list instead of reading articles online?Yes, It’s Still Possible to Achieve Your Biggest Goals Before the End of the Year

Rogue Waves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rogue Waves - Essay Example However, author critiques this factor as "rather unrealistic". Second factor is temporal-spatial focusing which is the result of applying dispersion to a wave group with chirped spatial distribution of frequencies. Author notes that this mechanism can work for the "forced" wavetrains only which can not develop spontaneously. Finally, third factor is nonlinear focusing which produces solitons and so-called breathers as model representations of rogue waves. About real mechanisms of the rogue waves forming in the open ocean, author concludes that 'nobody knows the answer to these questions yet.' My Comments: This paper shows that there are some fields for researches with no direct and clear answers. Real mechanism of the rogue waves forming in the open ocean is yet unknown. Existing mathematical models for explanation of these phenomena are refined but not realistic. Indeed, considered mechanisms for the wave energy focusing are operable only for narrow sets of cases or for unnatural conditions. Details of mathematical notations (especially in Appendix) were not clear for me. Article Summary: This is short but comprehensive introduction to the freak/rogue waves phenomenon. It contains well adjusted set of facts and ideas about rogue waves, namely: informal definition, brief history of observations with examples, discussion about causes of its origin, typical values of the break forces, sea conditions that may create (or accompany) freak waves, etc. There are no formulae at all. This article serves as global pattern for the rogue waves problem whereas numerous articles concentrate upon mathematical details and minor features of this phenomenon. My Comments: As for me, this is one of the best articles about rogue waves. Some facts are just amazing. For example, cases from the article show that freak waves greater than 25 meters in height are real and much more common than expected. Obviously, this phenomenon is far beyond so-called linear model. Than, actual causes and mechanisms of rogue waves are unknown (cf. previous article). Here, unpredictable freak waves are real miracles of the Nature, not mirages. It is important to distinguish freak waves and tsunamis. Then, article contains tremendous facts about the force of a breaking freak wave. It is about 100 MT/m2 for a 12-meter rogue wave which is much more than for wave in linear model. Article reading was easy and fascinating. Article is highly recommended for any scholar at the beginning stage of studying this phenomenon. Source: Proceedings of Rogue Waves 2004 Conference, Brest, France - October 2004. Off the Internet at: http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/fullpapers/haver.pdf Article Name: Freak waves: a suggested definition and possible consequences for marine structures.

Fieldwork observation report - special education Essay

Fieldwork observation report - special education - Essay Example In the social study class students had problem in understanding the class concepts has they were slow in opening the chapter which the teacher requested. The teacher gave out homework to the students and helped them to organize their work sheets. In the second day there were four students and the teacher requested them to study the science test. The students took different turns in reading the science test terms and latter the teacher requested the students to open the green reader book. In the third day all the students started by doing, â€Å"do now†. The teacher requested them to sit on the pillow and open their book. The teacher asked the students to make drawing on their note book. After taking snakes the students enjoyed filling blank mathematical questions. Teacher also helped a certain student on how to carry out multiplication. In those three days, the students showed improvement in learning skills. Each day they learned new thing and understood how to open books and also handle class question. The teachers were also cooperative has they helped the students to learn things which they did not

Racial and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Racial and Ethnic Groups Essay There are three sociological perspectives of race and ethnicity which are functionalist, conflict, and labeling perspectives. The first one I will discuss is the functionalist perspective. The functionalist perspective emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability. As also described in the reading the functionalist approach is an approach, if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society’s stability or survival, it will not be passed on from one generation to the next. The functionalist perspective thinks that racial hostility is hard to be admired but the functionalist would point out that it serves some positive functions from the perspective group of the racists as described. In the dominant group there are five functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group. As described they are the following: 1. A society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals. Discrimination limits the search for talent and leadership to the dominant group. 2. Discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime and places the financial burden of alleviating these problems on the dominant group. 3. Society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members. 4. Racial prejudice and discrimination undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations. They also negatively affect efforts to increase global trade. 5. Social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group. 6. Discrimination promotes disrespect for law enforcement and for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The second perspective is the conflict perspective which is the perspective assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. As described in the reading society is a struggle between the privileged (the dominant group) and the exploited (the subordinate group). There is competition that takes groups between groups with unequal amounts of political and economic powers. A difference is that functionalists are not necessarily in favor of inequality; their approach is helps to understand why such systems persist as described. The subordinate group is criticized for its low status. The dominant group is responsible for subordination which is often ignored. The third approach is the labeling approach. The labeling theory which is described in the reading is a concept introduced by sociologist Howard Becker, is an attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant and other engaging in the same behavior are not. As said in the reading a crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the prerogative of the dominant group to define society’s values. Minorities are believed to have the lack of ability to perform in important positions where subordinate group are locked into society’s inferior jobs. I feel that I can agree with the labeling perspective the most. The reason for this is that it still exists in today’s society. Companies are required to provide equal opportunity employment and cannot discriminate against religion, race, or age. We know that this is still not true. You see that most police officers and firefighters are still mostly men. You still see large amounts of families have stay at home mothers. Another example would believe that if a child is bad in school that it has to be his or her parents that make them that way. I believe that it truly is still an issue among individuals. Part II I choose African Americans and the creation of migration and the consequence of segregation. Migration is defined as a general term that describes any transfer of population. Segregation is described the physical separation of two groups, often imposed on a subordinate group by the dominant group. According to Wikipedia I choose The Great Migration. As described it was the movement of 2 million African American out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast, and West from 1910 to 1930. They migrated to escape racism and seek employment opportunities in industrial cities. When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863 less than eight percent of the African American population lived in the northeastern or Midwestern U. S. As described, â€Å"Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population grew by about 40% in Northern states, mostly in the major cities. Cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the century. Because changes were concentrated in cities, urban tensions rose as African Americans and new or recent European immigrants, both groups chiefly from rural societies, competed for jobs and housing with the white ethnic working class. Tensions were often most severe between ethnic Irish, defending their positions, and recent immigrants and blacks. † â€Å"African Americans moved as individuals or small family groups. There was no government assistance, but often northern industries, such as the railroads, meatpacking and stockyards, recruited people. The primary factor for migration was the racial climate and widespread violence of lynching in the South. In the North, they could find better schools and adult men could vote (joined by women after 1920). Burgeoning industries meant there were job opportunities. † (Wikipedia, 2010) This in turn caused African Americans to feel segregated and felt they had to be among other African Americans do to how they are treated. There were many fights and riots among different cultural groups due to segregation. Such as the example of African Americans who could not sit in the front of the bus because of their race. In today’s society this is ethnically not acceptable. References: Wikipedia. (2010, October 15). Wikipedia. org. Retrieved October 23, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American).

Essay on the Downfall of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart

The Downfall of Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe's novel, Things Fall Apart, uses the changes in African tribal culture brought about by European colonization to illustrate the evolution of the character Okonkwo. As Okonkwo leads his life, his experiences, personality and thought are revealed to the reader. The obstacles he faces in life are made numerous as time progresses. Okonkwo's most significant challenge originates within himself. He also encounters problems not only when in opposition to the white culture, but in his own culture, as he becomes frustrated with tribal ideals that conflict with his own. The last adversary he encounters is of the physical world, brought upon himself by his emotional and cultural problems. The manner through which Okonkwo addresses his adversaries in Things Fall Apart creates the mechanism that leads to his eventual destruction. The greatest opponent in life is the one that is created inside the mind. As Okonkwo grows up, he decides to be the absolute antipodes of his father Unoka. Okonkwo perceives his father as a culmination of the weaknesses in man. In this erroneous view, Okonkwo buries his feelings deep within himself. When these emotions emerge, he views them as a sign of weakness. When Okonkwo participates in Ikemefuna's killing, he is deeply affected as he has ended the life of one who he grew to love as a son. Okonkwo is excessively depressed after the slaying, "not tasting any food for two days." (61) As he notices his confusion, he calls himself weak like a shivering old woman. In his emotionless show of strength after Ikemefuna's death, Okonkwo actually proves his frailty by hiding what he feels. Okonkwo is dominated by his private fear of appeari... ...clansmen come to decide what they should do, Okonkwo has already chosen war. As the messenger arrives to order an end to the meeting, Okonkwo is once again driven by his rage and kills the messenger. He realizes that the others were not prepared to fight, and he comes to understand the consequences of his actions. Instead of being executed, Okonkwo decides to take his own life. Okonkwo takes his life as he sees himself a lone warrior in a society of weaklings. This isolation is truly imposed by his decision of how to handle the conflicts which he encounters. His unitary channeling of emotions, cultural inflexibility, and tendency to seek physical confrontation are compiled into a single notion. The idealized vision of a warrior by which Okonkwo lives is the instrument that leads to the climax of Achebe's novel, Things Fall Apart: Okonkwo's demise.

Individualized Educational Plans and 504 Plans

1. Marie and Mary had such different situations because they grew up at different times. We know Marie grew up before Mary because the writer said the school district was not required to educate her. Marie's parents had no real choices for their daughter. When the one school appropriate for her closed, the school district did not have to do anything further. They tried custodial placement for Marie but clearly that was not good for her. So they brought her home and did the best they could. Marie did not learn any real life schools. She never went to a regular school, didn't participate in social activities or clubs, and did not learn a skill so she could be self-supporting. By comparison Mary was born after federal laws requiring education for all children was passed. She had early intervention. She also had parents who understood the law and Mary's rights. They joined a support group, which probably encouraged them to fight for a normal education for Mary. When the school wanted to put Mary into a self-contained class, her parents asked instead for her to be placed in a regular classroom. The school district did this well, providing support for Mary. Mary had different kinds of academic accommodations such as a computer that could read text to her and other accommodations. Mary received extra help to learn how to cope with the demands of junior high, and in high school she began vocational training. Mary had friends at school and vocational goals for herself. The result is that while Marie needs to be taken care of and her parents worry about what will happen to her when they die, Mary has been prepared for life from the time she was a toddler. She has always been around children without handicaps and has had a chance to develop the verbal and social skills she needs to get along in the world. 2. IEP's, or Individualized Educational Plans, and 504 Plans have some similarities. They are both formal plans to help an individual child overcome learning differences so that child can be more successful in school. This IEP shoulc include statements about the child's strengths and weaknesses, and should describe exactly how the school will provide for the child's educational needs. an IEP includes specific goals and clearly state the services the child will receive, including the amount of time and the type of specialists who will provide them. IEP's have to be written according to a specific body of laws and regulations. Some of those laws and regulations are specified by the federal government under the I.D.E.A. law, but in addition, each individual state has its own set of guidelines and rules. The state's rules must be compatible with the federal ones but the rules can differ quite a bit from state to state. If a school does not follow the child's IEP, the parents have a number of legal remedies. A 504 Plan is also a written plan to provide instructional or other school services to a child, but 504's are covered by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Because of this, rules and regulations that apply to IEP's may not apply to 504 Plans. 504 Plans typically help children who do not receive special education services and who do not have an IEP. One use of a 504 Plan is to provide services after a child's IEP has been ended. 504 Plans do not have as many legal protections as IEP's do.

Awareness of health and safety trainings Essay

Without the correct level of training you are not allowed to carry out certain tasks relating to Health and Safety. Here are a few examples: †¢Moving and handling †¢Administering medication †¢Emergency first aid †¢Giving injections †¢Peg feeding †¢Colostomy †¢Fighting fire If you are unsure about what you can and cannot do, you must discuss this with your supervisor / manager. Where and from whom additional support and information relating to Health and Safety can be accessed? †¢The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure workers are appropriately knowledgeable about Health and Safety and that they are properly trained in relevant areas. Your employer may have a health and safety representative who is responsible for health and safety issues at work. Ask your supervisor or manager about the Health and Safety policies and procedures in your work place. The main points of Health and Safety policies and procedures †¢To secure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work. †¢To protect other people from hazards arising from work. †¢To control the keeping and use of dangerous substances and materials, including explosives and highly flammable materials. †¢To control the emission of noxious substances from certain premises. †¢It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety and welfare at work of all his employees. Examples of the subjects that should have Health and Safety policies and procedures: †¢Moving and handling of people and objects †¢Personal hygiene †¢Infection control †¢Personal safety and lone working †¢Fire safety †¢Food safety and hygiene †¢What to do in the event of an emergency †¢Risk assessments †¢Smoking at work †¢Display Screen Equipment (DSE) for people working with computers †¢Use of chemicals and waste disposal †¢Security measures and visitors

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Essay Example

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Essay Example Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Essay Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay Essay Food is an built-in portion of human life supplying energy for cellular activities to maintain us healthy. Harmonizing to World Health Organization ( 2013 ) . healthy nutrition is consuming an adequate and good balanced diet in relation to the body’s dietetic demands and when combined with regular physical activities is the basis to good wellness. A diet incorporating the right parts of all the five nutrient groups of the Eatwell Plate ( figure1 and appendix1 for recommended helpings ) known as a balanced diet will supply the organic macronutrients including proteins. saccharides and lipoids and the micronutrients. vitamins and minerals to prolong life. Merely ingested saccharides. proteins and lipoids will number towards entire thermal consumption and will be digested into monomers like glucose for soaking up and assimilation. National Health Service ( 2012 ) recommends day-to-day thermal consumption of 2500Kcal and 2000Kcal which will be derived from the proteins. lipoids and saccharide beginnings in a diet for mean grownup males and females severally. Age. sex. wellness status and physical activities influence dietetic demands. This essay will discourse a balanced diet for an grownup including the construction. beginnings. maps. recommended day-to-day allowance ( RDAs ) . lack and inordinate effects of the macronutrients. Besides the micronutrients and H2O which are non considered as foods will be discussed. THE FOOD PYRAMID [ movie ] Figure1 ( NHS 2011 ) Carbohydrates contain C. H and O. British Nutrition Foundation ( 2013 ) . recommends that 47. 7 % ( 203g ) and 48. 5 % ( 275g ) of day-to-day energy should come from saccharides for females and males severally with 29g being fibers. Carbohydrates exist of course or refined as monosaccharoses that are cut downing sugars. Monosaccharides build the complex saccharides. disaccharides and polyoses through desiccation synthesis. Monosaccharides have general expression ( CH2O ) N where ‘n’ determines whether pentose ( 5Carbons ) or hexose ( 6Carbons ) . Glucose found in maple sirup. fructose in maize sirup and brain sugar in honey are hexose-isomers ; holding the same expression. C6H12O6 but different constructions. The disaccharides with the general expression C12H22O11 are sucrose made from fructose and glucose. maltose from two glucose molecules and lactose from brain sugar and glucose. Sucrose is derived from Beta vulgaris sugar. milk sugar from milk and malt sugar from acetum. The polyoses with general expression ( C6H10O5 ) n where 40?n?3000. be as amylum or non-starch polyoses ( NSPs ) which can be soluble or indissoluble. Starch consists of glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds. The NSPs include oligosaccharide ( raffinose ) and cellulose ( dietetic fiber ) . Potatoes. yams and manioc are rich in amylum and are really digestible. Whole grain cereals. leguminous plants ( appendix2 ) . fruits and storage veggies like Asparagus officinales and chou are rich in the NSPs. Raffinose is an indigestible trisaccharide of fruit sugar. glucose and brain sugar with expression C18H32O16. Animal beginnings of saccharides are liver and crenations. Carbohydrates provide sugariness and are the primary beginning of energy particularly for encephalon and blood cells. Cellular respiration converts glucose monomers into ATP. Fats can non be oxidised without glucose. Most NSPs are partly digestible or indigestible due to miss of ?-galactosidae ( enzyme ) in GI Tract. They cut down glycaemia index and plasma cholesterin degrees. addition gall acerb elimination. advance normal defecation and prevent chest malignant neoplastic disease. bilestones. hemorrhoids. and cranky intestine syndrome ( Kumar et all 2012 ) . Furthermore. Kumar ( 2012 ) concluded that inordinate saccharides will do dental decay. kidney harm. shot. diabetes due to fleshiness and short term conditions like hyperglycemia. Carbohydrate lack will do irregularity. weariness. weak unsusceptibility. musculus spasms and ketonemia ; this is really rare as 50g/day of saccharide is needed to forestall ketonemia. THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM MALTOSE [ movie ] Figure2 Equation: ( C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O ) ( Marshall University 2012 ) Proteins or polypeptides consist of three to 100000 or more long ironss of the organic molecules called aminic acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds. A protein of two aminic acids is called a dipeptide. There are 20 common signifiers of amino acids either termed non-essential ( synthesised by the liver ) and indispensable that needs to be ingested. Proteins consist of a cardinal C atom. a H atom. amino group ( -NH2 ) . Carboxylic group ( -COOH ) and the variable R group ( figure3 ) . The term amino acid is derived from the amino and carboxylic groups that all amino acids have in common. Harmonizing Kuil ( 2012 ) . chief beginnings of proteins are thin meat. seafood. domestic fowl. eggs. cereals. leguminous plants ( mention to appendix3 ) . cereals and processed nutrient like low-fat milk. Proteins form about 45 % of human organic structure and execute the following seven indispensable maps: structural ( hair. ligaments ) . contractile ( musculuss ) . conveyance ( hemoglobin ) . metabolic ordinance ( enzymes ) . buffering. defense mechanism ( antibodies ) and coordination and control ( endocrines ) ( Martini 2006 ) . Haemoglobin transports O and a deficiency of protein ( hemoglobin ) can deny critical variety meats the needed O for metamorphosis. Protein lack can besides do weariness. anemia. weak unsusceptibility. skin jobs. damage of knowledge and mental wellness jobs. Whereas inordinate proteins can do fleshiness. osteoporosis and kidney rocks ( Georgetown University 2012 ) . About 15 % of an adults’ thermal consumption should come from protein equivalent to 56g and 46g for male and female severally ( Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention. 2012 ) . DEHYDRATION OF AMINO ACIDS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE PROTEINS [ movie ] Figure3 ( Marshall University 2012 ) Lipids are made up of an even figure of C from 12 to 20. O. H and sometimes hints of P. sulfur or N. Lipids are grouped into 4: steroids. phospholipids. waxes and acylglycerols. Most of the 70 identified lipoids are synthesised by the organic structure whereas linoleic ( omega6 ) and alpha-linolenic ( omega3 ) acids are two indispensable lipoids to be ingested. They are largely indissoluble due to the long concatenation of hydrophobic carbon-carbon terminal bonded to a short hydrophilic carboxyl group. The dual covalent bond. ( C=C ) determines whether saturated ( no C=C ) or monounsaturated ( 1 C=C ) or polyunsaturated ( 2 or more C=C ) . Glycerides are made up of glycerin bonded to 1 or more fatty acids by desiccation synthesis. triglyceride with 3 fatty acids is the predominant of the lipoids ( mention figure4 ) . Unsaturated beginnings of lipoids are olive oil. peanut. salmon. halibut and alligator pear. Saturated beginnings are butter. sausage and hydrogenated oil. Harmonizing to British Dietetic Association ( 2013 ) . grownups should devour non more than 20-30g of saturated-fat with 5g or less being trans-fat since saturated lipoids are high in cholesterin. The structural lipoids signifier cell membranes. Besides fat shock absorbers and protects variety meats including liver. bosom. and kidney. energy beginning ; twice every bit much as saccharides and proteins. thermoregulation ( insularity ) . sex endocrines. conveyance vitamins and monounsaturated fat can diminish cholesterin degrees ( USA Department of Agriculture. 2010 ) . Excessive ingestion of lipoids will take to fleshiness which is characterised by high BMI as shown in appendix 2. cardiovascular diseases. high blood pressure. colorectal malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes. whereas lack will ensue in the organic structure missing the critical vitamins A. D. E and K ( Schenker. 2012 ) . DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDE [ movie ] Figure4 ( Marshall University 2012 ) The micronutrients. vitamins and minerals are needed in minute measures. Minerals can be classified as major or hint of which a few are indispensable including Na. K. Mg. Zn. Fe. Ca. I. etc. ( refer to appendix4 for RDAs ) . Harmonizing to Higdon and Drake ( 2011 ) . beginnings of minerals are workss that derive them from the dirt and move on the nutrient concatenation to the herbivores like cowss that eat them. Spinach. leguminous plants. whole grains. dairy merchandises. ruddy meat. soya beans. salmon. pod. iodised table salt ( I. Na. Cl ) and eggs are first-class beginnings of minerals. Harmonizing to Whitley and Rolfes ( 2011 ) . minerals perform the undermentioned maps: the electrolytes. Na. K and Cl transmit nervus urges. control unstable balance ( supplying optimal pH for enzyme activities ) . command blood force per unit area and relax and contract musculuss. Zinc. Cu and Se are antioxidants ; they cut down the hazard of bosom diseases. Iron forms hemoglobin. Sodium and K coregulate ATP production. Calcium and P control blood curdling and together with Mg physique castanetss. dentitions. maintain musculus and nervus cells. Iodine is needed for the production of tetraiodothyronine ; lack will do goiter. Since some minerals are coenzymes. lack will do misfunctioning cellular activities ( digestion. metamorphosis ) . Iron lack causes anaemia whereas Ca. P and Mg ( hypocalcemia ) lack will do osteoporosis. Calcium. Mg and the electrolytes lacks will do failing. musculus spasms and impaired watchfulness. Zinc lack causes diarrhea. tegument and prostate malignant neoplastic diseases. Their consumption should be balanced with usage and elimination as surplus may do Hyperkalaemia ( K ) . kidney-stones ( Ca ) and hypernatremia ( Na ) . Vitamins are grouped into H2O soluble ( WSV ) including C and B complex vitamins ; they can non be stored and hence. it is imperative to be portion of a balanced diet. and fat soluble ( FS ) including vitamins K. E. D. and A ; they can be stored ( mention appendix 5 for RDA ) . Green leafy veggies ( boodle ) . oranges. kiwi fruit. alligator pear. whole grains and cereals. banana. dairy merchandises. liver. domestic fowl. porc. oily fish. eggs. soya beans. garbanzos and nuts are first-class beginnings of the vitamins ( Firth 2011 ) . Vitamin K can be synthesised in the bowel which helps the blood coagulum whereas Vitamin D can be synthesised by the organic structure utilizing sunshine to assist the soaking up of Ca and P ( Cranney et Al ( 2010 ) . Vitamins A and C build unsusceptibility. Vitamins B1. B2. B3. and vitamin H aid let go of energy. Vitamin A. nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid aid the soaking up and usage of macronutrients monomers. Vitamin C makes collagen and enhances folate soaking up. Vitamin lack by and large causes weak unsusceptibility and osteoporosis ( Vitamin D ) . scorbutus ( Vitamin C ) . beriberi ( B1 ) . anemia ( B12 and vitamin Bc ) and dark sightlessness ( Vitamin A ) . Excessive sums of vitamins E and K are normally non harmful but extra A. D and the WSV which can be excreted cause kidney jobs and hypercalcemia ( extra D ) . Excessive vitamin C causes diarrhea ( NHS 2012 ) . In decision. disbursement overly on addendums and picks every bit good as prosecuting in unsafe diets like the Atkins Diet are non necessary. The secret to healthy life is carefully choosing the right proportions of nutrient from the Eatwell home base. imbibing adequate H2O in combination with regular exercisings. Figure 5 and appendix 6 show maps of H2O. See the positives and negatives when choosing nutrient merchandises such as ruddy meat ; rich in protein but high in cholesterin whereas fatty fish enhances Ca soaking up. Soy. liver. green leafy veggies. whole grains and leguminous plants will supply about all the foods ; unite them in your diet in right proportions for optimum hormonal. metabolic. mental and physical maps of the organic structure. It is of import to confer with a physician before get downing any diet as nutritionary demands are affected by wellness and some medicines affect soaking up of foods. FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN THE BODY [ movie ] Figure 5 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2013 List OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 |FOOD GROUP|SERVINGS PER DAY | |Carbohydrates including staff of life. pasta. rice. murphies and other starchy nutrients |6-10 helpings | |Fruits and veggies |3-5 helpings | |Meat. fish. eggs. beans and nuts |2-3 helpings | |Milk and dairy nutrients |2-3 helpings | |Food and drinks high in fat and/or in sugar |Use meagerly | University of Michigan Integrative Medicine. 2010 APPENDIX 2: Fleshiness AND BODY MASS INDEX ( BMI ) |BMI |LEVEL OF OBESITY | |Below 18. 5 |Underweight | |From 18. 5-24. 9 |Healthy Range | |From 25-30 |Pre Obese | |Above 30 |Obese | NHS. 2012 APPENDIX 3: Food GROUPS AND EXAMPLES |FOOD GROUP |EXAMPLES | |Legumes |Beans. Lentils. Peas. Chickpeas. Gallic beans. Kidney. soya beans. Coco beans etc. | |Whole grains |Barley. Corn. Millet. Oats. Rice. Milo. Wheat| |Green leafy veggies |Spinach. Broccoli. Lettuce. Cabbage. Mustard green. Kale examples | APPENDIX 4: Minerals AND THEIR RDA |SYMBLE |SOURCES |RDA | |Na ( Sodium ) |Table Salt. Sea veggies. Spinacia oleracea. milk |6g | |Ca ( Calcium ) |Salmon. Sardine. eggs. dairy merchandises. nuts. marjoram |700mg | |K ( Potassium ) |Spinach. leguminous plants. tomatoes. banana. alligator pear. whole grains and |3500mg | | |yams | | |P ( Phosphate ) |Fish. domestic fowl. oats. rice. ruddy meat. |700mg | |Fe ( Iron ) |Eggs. Spinacia oleracea. runts. soya beans. lentils. tomatoes. olives. |M=8. 7mg / F=4. 8mg | | |tomatoes | | |Mg ( Magnesium ) |Spinach. soya bean. sea veggies. tomatoes. beans. Brazil nuts|M=300mg / F=270mg | |I ( Iodine ) |Eggs. milk. fish. shellfish. yogurt. strawberries. iodinated |0. 14mg | | |salt | | |Se ( Selenium ) |Cod. salmon. Allium sativum. lamb. cheese. calf liver. barley. brazil |75mcg | | |nuts | | |Zn ( Zinc ) |Calf liver. Spinacia oleracea. eggs. oats. oyster. thin porc and beef. |M=5. 5-9. 5mg / F=4-7mg | | |asparagus | | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health. 2010 APPENDIX 5: Vitamin AND THEIR RDA’S |VITAMIN |SOURCES |RDA | |Retinol ( A ) |Liver. fish oil. carotenoids. milk fortified |M=0. 7mg / F=0. 6mg | |Ascorbic acid ( C ) |Citrus ( oranges ) . Chinese gooseberry fruit. broccoli |40mg | |Thiamin ( B1 ) |Liver. porc. whole grains and merchandises |M=1mg / F=0. 8mg | |Riboflavin ( B2 ) |Liver. eggs. milk. rice. mushrooms |M=1. 3mg / F=1. 1mg | |Niacin ( B3 ) |Poultry. fish. beef. peanut butter. leguminous plants |M=17mg / F=13mg | |Pyridoxine ( B6 ) |Liver. porc. leguminous plants. fish. whole grains |M=1. 4mg / F=1. 2mg | |Cobalamin ( B12 ) |Beef. domestic fowl. pod. salmon. cheese. eggs |0. 0015mg | |Vitamin E |Vegetable oil. green veggies. nuts |12mg | |Folate |Broccoli. peas. Asparagus officinales. brown rice |0. 2mg | |Pantothenic acid |Milk. fruits. vegetables. meat. fish. grains |10mg | |Biotin |Cottage cheese. liver. eggs. peanut. grain |300mcg | |Vitamin K |Green veggies. fruits. nuts |75mg | |Note that Vitamin K can be synthesised in the bowel whereas Vitamin D can b e derived pink-orange. fortified cereals and juices. milk and | |sunlight ( No RDA but 15minutes in the Sun thrice a hebdomad is adequate ) | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health. 2010 APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WATER |SEX |RDA FOR WATER | |MALE |3. 7L with no upper bound addition with exercising to rehydrate | |FEMALE |2. 7L with no upper bound addition with exercising to rehydrate and increase consumption when | | |breast eating. | INSTITUTE OF MEDICENE 2004 REFERENCE LIST ONLINE ? British Dietetic Association ( 2013 ) Food fact sheet: cholesterin [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bda. uk. com/foodfacts/cholesterol. pdf [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? British Nutrition Foundation ( 2013 ) Confusion on fat and bosom wellness [ Online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nutrition. org. uk/nutritioninthenews/headlines/fats [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention ( 2012 ) Nutrition for everyone: Protein [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein. hypertext markup language [ Accessed on 19/12/2013 ] . ? Cranney et Al. ( 2007 ) Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to cram wellness [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pubmed/18088161? dopt=Abstract [ Accessed on20/02/2013 ] . ? Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. ( 2004 ) Dietary mention consumptions: Water. Potassium. Sodium. Chloride and Sulphate. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [ Online ] . Available from: World Wide Web. iom. edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium- [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board ( 2010 ) Dietary mention consumptions for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [ Online ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. iom. edu/~/media/Files/Report % 20Fil. pdf [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? Marshall University ( 2012 ) [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //science. Marshall. edu/murraye/alpha_amylase. htm [ Accessed on 18/02/2013 ] . ? Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [ no day of the month ] Nutrition and healthy feeding: maps of H2O in the organic structure. 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[ Online ] Available from:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wellness. gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010. pdf [ Accessed: 19/02/2013 ] . ? University of Michigan Integrative Medicine ( 2010 ) Mending nutrients pyramid [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. med. umich. edu/umim/food-pyramid/fats. htm [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? World Health Organisation ( 2013 ) [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. who. int/topics/nutrition/en/ [ Accessed: 17/02/2013 ] . ONLINE JOURNALS ? Kumar et all ( 2012 ) Dietary functions of non-starch polyoses in human nutrition: a reappraisal. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Volume 52 ( 10 ) . [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10. 1080/10408398. 2010. 512671? url_ver=Z39. 88-2003 A ; rfr_id=ori: rid: crossref. org A ; rfr_dat=cr_pub % 3dpubmed. [ Accessed on 23/02/2013 ] . ? Schenker S. ( 2012 ) . 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Bibliography ONLINE ? British Dietetic Association ( 2013 ) Food fact sheet: sugar [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bda. uk. com/foodfacts/Sugar. pdf [ Accessed on 20/02/02013 ] ? Georgetown University ( 2012 ) Proteins: what does it make? [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Georgetown. edu/admin/auxiliarysrv/dining/nutrition/protein. hypertext markup language [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? Stoner. L et Al ( 2012 ) Preventing a Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic among Autochthonal Populations through Lifestyle Changes. [ Online ] Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ncbi. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354392/ [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . Book ? Blomhoff R. et Al. Health benefits of nuts: possible function of antioxidants. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006 ; 96. ? New Zealand. Ministry of Health ( 2003 ) . Food and nutrition guideline for healthy grownups: a background paper. Wellington: Ministry of Health. ? Rolfes. S. R. et Al ( 2009 ) Understanding normal and clinical nutrition.8th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. ONLINE VIDEOS ? Dairy: indispensable nutrition or wellness wrecker? – Keon. J. ( 2011 ) [ Online picture ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cp9MwjW5QX0 [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] . ? Good nutrition made easy: how to turn a healthy grownup – Davidson. L. ( 2012 ) [ Online picture ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=6qAeAzreESg [ Accessed on 20/02/2013 ] .

Hawaiis Volcanic Hot Spot

Hawaiis Volcanic Hot Spot Under the Hawaiian Islands, there is a volcanic â€Å"hot spot,† a hole in the Earth’s crust that allows lava to surface and layer. Over millions of years, these layers form mountains of volcanic rock that eventually break the surface of the Pacific Ocean, forming islands. As the Pacific Plate very slowly moves across the hot spot, new islands are formed. It took 80 million years to create the current chain of Hawaiian islands. Discovering the Hot Spot In 1963, John Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian geophysicist, introduced a contentious theory. He hypothesized there was a hot spot under the Hawaiian Islands - a mantle plume of concentrated geothermal heat that melted rock and rose up as magma through fractures under the Earth’s crust. At the time they were introduced, Wilson’s ideas were very controversial and many dubious geologists were not accepting theories of plate tectonics or hot spots. Some researchers thought that volcanic areas were only in the middle of plates and not at subduction zones. However, Dr. Wilson’s hot spot hypothesis helped to solidify the plate tectonics argument. He provided evidence that the Pacific Plate has been slowly drifting over a deep-seated hot spot for 70 million years, leaving behind the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain of more than 80 extinct, dormant, and active volcanoes. Wilson’s Evidence Wilson worked diligently to find evidence and tested volcanic rock samples from each volcanic island in the Hawaiian Islands. He found that the oldest weathered and eroded rocks on a geological time scale were on Kauai, the northernmost island, and that rocks on the islands were gradually younger as he went south. The youngest rocks were on the southernmost Big Island of Hawaii, which is actively erupting today. The ages of the Hawaiian Islands gradually decrease as seen in the list below: Niihau and Kauai (5.6 - 3.8 million years old).Oahu (3.4 - 2.2 million years old)Molokai (1.8 - 1.3 million years old)Maui (1.3 - 0.8 years old)Big Island of Hawaii (less than 0.7 million years old) and it is still expanding. The Pacific Plate Conveys the Hawaiian Islands Wilson’s research proved that the Pacific Plate has been moving and carrying the Hawaiian Islands northwest off the hot spot. It moves at a rate of four inches a year. The volcanoes are conveyed away from the stationary hot spot; thus, as they move farther away they become older and more eroded and their elevation decreases. Interestingly, about 47 million years ago, the path of the Pacific Plate changed direction from north to northwest. The reason for this is unknown, but it might have been because of India colliding with Asia at approximately the same time. The Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamount Chain Geologists now know the ages of the undersea volcanoes of the Pacific. In the farthest northwest reaches of the chain, the underwater Emperor Seamounts (extinct volcanoes) are between 35-85 million years old and they are highly eroded. These submersed volcanoes, peaks, and islands extend 3,728 miles (6,000 kilometers) from the Loihi Seamount near the Big Island of Hawaii, all the way to the Aleutian Ridge in the northwest Pacific. The oldest seamount, Meiji, is 75-80 million years old, whereas the Hawaiian Islands are the youngest volcanoes - and a very small part of this vast chain. Right Under the Hot-Spot: Hawaii’s Big Island Volcanoes At this very moment, the Pacific Plate is moving over a localized source of heat energy, namely, the stationary hot spot, so active calderas continually flow and erupt periodically on the Big Island of Hawaii. The Big Island has five volcanoes that are connected together – Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea. The northwestern part of the Big Island ceased erupting 120,000 years ago, whereas Mauna Kea, the volcano in the southwest part of the Big Island erupted only 4,000 years ago. Hualalai had its last eruption in 1801. Land is continually being added to the Big Island of Hawai’i because lava that flows from its shield volcanoes is deposited on the surface. Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on Earth, is the most massive mountain in the world because it occupies an area of 19,000 cubic miles (79,195.5 cubic km). It rises 56,000 feet (17,069 m), which is 27,000 feet (8,229.6 km) higher than Mount Everest. It is also one of the world’s most active volcanoes having erupted 15 times since 1900. Its most recent eruptions were in 1975 (for one day) and in 1984 (for three weeks). It could erupt again at any time. Since Europeans arrived, Kilauea has erupted 62 times and after it erupted in 1983 it stayed active. It is the Big Island’s youngest volcano, in the shield forming stage, and it erupts from its large caldera (bowl-shaped depression) or from its rift zones (gaps or fissures). Magma from the Earth’s mantle rises to a reservoir about one-half to three miles under Kilauea’s summit, and pressure builds up in the magma reservoir. Kilauea releases sulfur dioxide from vents and craters - and lava flows onto the island and into the sea. South of Hawaii, about 21.8 mi (35 km) off the coast of the Big Island, the youngest submarine volcano, Loihi, is rising from the sea floor. It last erupted in 1996, which is very recent in geological history. It is actively venting hydrothermal fluids from its summit and rift zones. Rising up about 10,000 feet above the ocean floor to within 3,000 feet of the water surface, Loihi is in the submarine, pre-shield stage. In accordance with the hot spot theory, if it continues to grow, it might be the next Hawaiian Island in the chain. The Evolution of a Hawaiian Volcano Wilson’s findings and theories have increased knowledge about the genesis and life cycle of hot spot volcanoes and plate tectonics. This has helped to guide contemporary scientists and future exploration. It is now known, that the heat of the Hawaiian hot spot creates fluid molten rock that consists of liquefied rock, dissolved gas, crystals, and bubbles. It originates deep below the earth in the asthenosphere, which is viscous, semi-solid and pressurized with heat. There are huge tectonic plates or slabs that glide over this plastic-like asthenosphere. Due to the geothermal hot spot energy, the magma or molten rock (which is not as dense as the surrounding rocks), rises through fractures from under the crust. The magma rises and pushes its way through the tectonic plate of the lithosphere (the rigid, rocky, outer crust), and it erupts on the ocean floor to create a seamount or underwater volcanic mountain. The seamount or volcano erupts under the sea for hundreds of thousands of years and then the volcano rises above the sea level. A large amount of lava is added to the pile, making a volcanic cone that eventually sticks out above the floor of the ocean - and a new island is created. The volcano keeps growing until the Pacific Plate carries it away from the hot spot. Then the volcanic eruptions cease to erupt because there is no longer a lava supply. The extinct volcano then erodes to become an island atoll and then a coral atoll (ring shaped reef). As it continues to sink and erode, it becomes a seamount or guyot, a flat underwater tablemount, no longer seen above the water’s surface. Summary Overall, John Tuzo Wilson provided some concrete evidence and deeper insight into the geological processes above and below the surface of the Earth. His hot spot theory, derived from studies of the Hawaiian Islands, is now accepted, and it helps people understand some ever-changing elements of volcanism and plate tectonics. Hawaii’s undersea hot spot is the impetus for dynamic eruptions, leaving behind rocky remnants that continually enlarge the island chain. While older seamounts are declining, younger volcanoes are erupting, and new stretches of lava land is forming.

Alienation in Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alienation in Hamlet - Essay Example * Alienation can be seen within Hamlet's soliloquies, his conversations with other characters and within his actions. Hamlet may be regarded as the prototype for the scores of "angry young men" what have populated literature, poetry, plays and latterly films since he first appeared on the stage. Hamlet's alienation is personified by his opening line: It is the fact that his first line is an aside that so perfectly encapsulates his alienation from a society that he should be the center of. He does not speak the line to his Uncle, or even the Court, but rather as an inward comment aimed at breaking the third wall of the stage for the audience. He is alienated from his world, and part of ours because of it. As the play continues Hamlet's alienation deepens and starts to influence many of those around him. When he decides to put "an antic disposition on" (I.5, 175) the question arises for the rest of the play whether he is playing at being mad, genuinely mad, or perhaps both. Here is the second part of "alienation" - madness that removes a person from the common spheres of reality. But Hamlet's madness is in fact closer to the reality and genuine feeling than those supposedly sane people around him. Thus later in the scene when he is chided for carrying on with his mourning beyond that which is seen as convenient or seemly, he answers, "I have that within which passeth show." (I.2, 85) Others show their feelings on the outside, they are merely masks of feeling while Hamlet genuinely feels on the inside. The fact that he cannot show what he feels properly, or more importantly, act upon what he feels brings further alienation. After the King chides Hamlet for being too gloomy, the latter produces another pun, as he states "not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun" (I.2, 67). Thus the fact that Hamlet is too much in the 'light' for his liking is mirrored with the fact that he is too much a "son". Hamlet cannot forget his father as the rest of the kingdom appears to have found it so easy to do. This sense of aloneness is another case of alienation for the young prince. He uses a bitter kind of humor to try and hide it, but it is a futile attempt. When Gertrude attempts to lighten the mood by saying that Hamlet's attitude "seems" peculiar to him, Hamlet retorts with the following: . . . seems madam Nay, it is. I know not seems. (I.2, 76) Later in the play these themes develop to fruition. When the actor cries over the death of his imaginary lover Hamlet is disgusted with himself, "what's Hecuba to him or he to her" (III.1, 497). Nothing is the silent reply, but the actor can show more emotion than Hamlet when can when his father has been genuinely murdered. In this opening scene the King and Queen say far more to Hamlet than he says in return. This illustrates the fact that words can at times be used to dissemble rather than communicate. The King and Queen use words to hide the obvious impropriety of their marriage so soon after Hamlet's father's death. Hamlet says so little because there is little that needs to be said. He regards the facts about the marriage as so obvious that they

Sprint Wireless Service RECYLING Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sprint Wireless Service RECYLING Program - Essay Example Customers do not need to pay any additional charges to get their devices shipped and recycled through the company’s buyback program. The devices sent to the company through FedEx or United States Postal Service are tested by the company’s technicians for condition assessment. If a device is in a condition to become reusable by minor repairs, which is most likely in majority cases, the company makes use of all available resources to refurbish the hardware and update the software to make it ready for use again. Even in case a device is not in a condition suitable for refurbishment, the company separates its usable parts and recycles the rest of the device in accordance with the Federal and State environmental regulations. The receiving and processing of the shipment usually takes around thirty days, whereas it takes up to three billing cycles for a customer to get the account credit. The company also shows it corporate social responsibility by taking steps towards the promotion of free internet safety resources for children. Sprint gives two options to the customers. Customers either can get their due credit from the company through bill credit or can gift it to the Sprint project Connect to fund for the internet safety program. The company uses ISO SUU1 and 14UU1 as the recycling quality standards that ensure the use of most environment-friendly electronic waste disposal methods. The service has seen a number of considerable achievements so far. It has been ranked at the top spot among all major carriers. It also holds the record for recycling the most number of devices in a week. Currently, it has been named as the most eco-focused wireless carrier. Sprint has been the first U.S. telecom company to deliver an ‘A+’ corporate social responsibility grade (Sprint). The Sprint Buyback Program has been very successful since its start, which is evident from the fact that the company had collected

Pacific Settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Pacific Settlement - Essay Example The concept of Orientalism was introduced by Edward Said where the West was considered as the developed one and they were referred as the accident. The non-Europeans were considered as orients, who were traditional in nature and lacked capital-centric approach. It has been argued that institutions like the census, map, and museum play a big role in shaping the dominion of the colonial state. It included â€Å"nature of the human beings ruled, the geography of its domain, and the legitimacy of its ancestry†. While analyzing the concept of the formation of the nation-state, one first needs to understand the meaning of a nation. A nation is defined as an imagined state. The nation is imagined to be limited or finite in spite of having large areas and it is a community in the sense that even if there is exploitation, the nation is also perceived as an emblem of deep â€Å"comradeship†. The nation is also imagined to be limited. This is so because even if a country is large in size with a billion populations still its boundary is finite as beyond that there are other nations. The concept of Orientalism can be used to trace the origin of the Pacific islands. The contact between the Europeans and the Pacific islands, in fact, gave birth to the concept of nations and nation states. One can even notice that the Pacific islands had a considerable â€Å"intellectual influence† on the Westerners. This was seen even though the relative size of the islands was small and they lacked resources compared to the western countries.... The non Europeans were considered as orients, who were traditional in nature and lacked capital centric approach (Said, 1-3). It has been argued that institutions like the census, map, and museum play a big role in shaping the dominion of the colonial state. It included â€Å"nature of the human beings ruled, geography of its domain, and the legitimacy of its ancestry† (Benedict, 163-164). While analyzing the concept of the formation of nation state, one first needs to understand the meaning of a nation. A nation is defined as an imagined state. The nation is imagined to be limited or finite in spite of having large areas and it is a community in the sense that even if there is exploitation, the nation is also perceived as an emblem of deep â€Å"comradeship†. The nation is also imagined to be limited. This is so because even if a country is large in size with a billion populations still its boundary is finite as beyond that there are other nations (Benedict, 6-7). The concept of orientalism can be used to trace the origin of the Pacific islands. The contact between the Europeans and the Pacific islands in fact gave birth to the concept of nations and nation states. One can even notice that the Pacific islands had a considerable â€Å"intellectual influence† on the Westerners. This was seen even though the relative size of the islands was small and they lacked resources compared to the western countries. In fact the Europeans though for a brief moment was compelled to admit after the discovery of Tahiti in 1760s that their life was better than many Europeans. The people of Tahiti had in fact proved the myth of â€Å"noble savage† true to the Europeans. (Lansdown, 5-13). COLONIALISM, NATIONALISM, AND

Food Traceability And Safety Business Essay

Food Traceability And Safety Business Essay Food traceability and safety is an up and coming trend. With the slow food, organic, and natural movements more consumers are wanting to know where their food is coming from. Food producers also are making food traceability a trend because each producer wants to know who they can point fingers at when a customer claims that they have become sick from a producers food. For most producers, traceability is just one element of any supply-management or quality/safety control system. Tracking an apple from the tree to your mouth is something that each producer needs to know. They need to know where that apple was to make sure that the apple did not go anywhere it shouldnt have been. So, what exactly is traceability? How does it work, and what can it accomplish with regards to safety? Most important, does the U.S. food supply have enough traceability and therefore, safety? What is traceability and how does it pertain to our food system? The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines traceability as the ability to trace the history, application, or location of that which is under consideration (CITE). For this paper, that which is under consideration will be food. The ISO uses a very broad definition for traceability which is necessary for several reasons. First, because food is a complex system and traceability has not been developed for every product. Second, because no traceability system is ever complete. Things change, the purveyor changes, the field changes, the picker changes so each companys food traceability plan must be fluid. For instance, Even a hypothetical system for tracking beef-in which consumers scan their packet of beef at the checkout counter and access the animals date and location of birth, lineage, vaccination records, and use of mammalian protein supplements-is incomplete. This system does not provide traceability with respect to bacterial control in the barn, use of genetically engineered feed or animal welfare attributes like hours at pasture and play time (CITE). Finally, the definition must stay broad because new products are constantly being developed. Each company will have their own definition of food traceabilit y because each company must determine the necessary breadth, depth, and precision of their traceability systems depending on characteristics of their production process and their traceability objectives. (CITE) Food traceability needs to be a fluid system in order to compensate for the constant changes in the food systems. Money has been invested into the food traceability industry since companies first started to realize that food traceability was important in the late nineties. Industry analysts calculate that during 2000, American companies spent $1.6 trillion on supply-related activities, including the movement, storage, and control of products across the supply chain (CITE). However, spending money on food traceability will probably have a return on investment, and often is the difference between a successful company and an unsuccessful one. Food traceability is becoming an important area of concentration for companies. When margins are thin, as they are in the food industry, knowing where your product comes from and the possibility of avoiding a consumer lawsuit in some cases justifies the expense. This means that if a company invests one million dollars into creating a food traceability system, they will probably save more money from avoided lawsuits in the end run. This is not only true for ver y high risk foods but also true of any food product that is at risk. The government is also aware that food traceability is an issue that is going to have to be looked at. There was an increase in the FDA budget in 2009 of $275 million. This increase brings the total budget for the FDA in 2009 to $406.3 million, a 17.9% increase over fiscal year 2008. A large portion of this increase ($125 million) will be used for food safety and will allow FDA to intensify actions to implement the Food Protection Plan (CITE). Many industry analysts believe that every company that deals with food and the supply chain will have to eventually embrace food traceability, if they do not, the consequence may be their business. The facts are uncompromising and pressure continues to mount from consumers, the media, retailers and numerous government regulatory agencies (CITE). With the government endorsing food traceability systems, most companies are realizing that food traceability is important. However, most companies do not know where to start to build a food traceability system. How does a company trace food? Often electronic coding systems are used to help trace food. In some cases the buyer manages the food traceability system; in other cases supply companies manage the system. Retailers such as Wal-Mart have created proprietary supply-chain information systems, which they require their suppliers to adopt (CITE). Companies start with a primary producer, which include the farmer and grower, then the processor, which include the packer, re-packer, processor and, if applicable, the manufacturer. Then the product moves to distribution possibly including the wholesaler or the distributor,a retail store or foodservice operator. For examplie, if you own a small restaurant and need to trace an apple used for apple pie. First, you have the farmer who takes care of the apple trees. The farmer will need to record who came into contact with the tree, and what supplies or chemicals came into contact with the tree. Then the apple will be picked. The farmer will need to record the person who picked the apple. Next, the apple is shipped to the processor who packs the apples. The processor must record everyone who came into contact with the apple or the boxes that the apple is packed in. Next, the apple goes to the distributor. The same thing happens at the distributor, everyone who comes into contact with the apple or anything that comes into contact with the apple is recorded. When you, the purchaser for the small business, order the apple you need to know that the supplier knows where the apple came from so that if one of your customers gets sick because of the apple you can tell the supplier and the supplier can s top all distribution of that apple. Suppliers are adapting to the changing food traceability systems. For instance the ratio of private inventories to final sales of domestic business has fallen by half since the end of WWII. This downward trend reflects growing efficiencies in supply management in the U.S. food industry, including traceability systems. This trend is expected to continue as food manufacturers continue to adopt technologies already in use in other industries (CITE AND EDIT). This is because as a small business owner, you want to rely on a supplier to trace your food rather than your company tracing the food. Also, larger companies, consumers and retailers all realize the need for food traceability so they in turn buy from companies with food traceability-like the apple example, the company needs to know where the apple or product originated and where it has been. Companies have a few objectives when using food traceability systems. First, improve supply management. Supply management improves because when you are using food traceability you will know where a single product is in your supply line. Second, facilitate trace back for food safety and quality. This means that if a consumer becomes sick from a product that came from a producer; the producer can trace the product to make sure no other contaminated products go out and the contaminated products that are circulating are recalled. Another objective is to differentiate and market foods with subtle of undetectable quality attributes. Companies improve supply management when using food traceability because they know which producers are giving them Grade A product and which producers are giving them Grade B product. This allows the supply companies to decide which producers they want to keep and which they want to let go. This also can contribute to a lower cost distribution system and reduce d recall expenses because suppliers know which producer made the mistake so they can pass most of the expense onto the producer. Food traceability also ensures trace back for food safety and quality. Traceability systems help companies isolate the source and extent of the safety or quality control problems. This makes sure if an infected product gets to the shelf it can be removed right away and possibly stop an outbreak. The better and more precise the tracing system, the faster a producer can identify and resolve food safety or quality problems. Companies also have started to enhance food traceability by sending third party safety/quality auditors to the sites to audit the quality of the food traceability system. These auditors provide consumers with verification that traceability systems exist to substantiate credence claims. For example, auditors from Food Alliance, a nonprofit organization, certify foods grown with a specific set of sustainable agricultural practices. Having a representative on site also ensures companies are sending the correct product. For instance, in the United States a farm has to be organic for three years in order to get the organic certification on their product. If a producer claims to be organic, and a consumer finds out that they are not organic, consequences can occur for the company, supplier, and producer. With food traceability there is no danger that producers would try to cheat consumers by selling non-GE (genetically engineered) soybeans as GE soybeans. In cases where markets do not supp ly enough traceability for food safety trace back, a number of industry groups have developed food safety and trace back standards. For example, the California cantaloupe industry has incorporated traceability requirements in their marketing strategy in order to monitor food safety practices. In addition, buyers in every sector are increasingly relying on contracting, vertical integration, or associations to improve product traceability and facilitate the verification of safety and quality attributes. The government may step in to ensure food safety by creating policy aimed at increasing the cost of distributing unsafe (non traceable) foods, such as fines or plant closures, or policies that increase the probability of catching unsafe food producers, such as increased safety testing or foodborne illness surveillance, will also provide firms with incentives to strengthen their traceability systems. Foodborne illness surveillance systems increase the capability of the entire food suppl y chain to respond to food safety problems before they grow and affect more consumers. In the past decade the United States has had many outbreaks. Food can become contaminated at many different steps on the farm, in processing or distribution facilities, during transit, at retail and food service establishments, and in the home. The ability to trace pathways of any food, including tomatoes and other fresh produce, through every point in the supply chain is crucial for limiting foodborne illness in an outbreak, for preventing future outbreaks, and for reducing the impact on the segments of the industry whose products were not associated with the illnesses. The pathways that fresh produce travels from field to consumer have become increasingly complex, with items sometimes changing hands many times in the supply chain. For instance by the time an apple goes from a tree to a consumers mouth it comes into contact with multiple people, the person who checks the apples, the person who picks the apple, the person who transports the apples, and the person who checks the appl e at the distribution plant. In 2007 there was a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella associated with the consumption of peanut butter. In 2006, CDC informed FDA of a multi-state outbreak of illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (CITE). There are many illnesses associated with fresh produce, which causes food traceability to be a growing concern for the FDA. FDA is the Federal agency that regulates almost everything we eat except for meat, poultry, and processed egg products, which are regulated by the partners at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Fresh produce presents special challenges for the FDA. Addressing the way fresh produce is grown, harvested, and moved from field to fork is crucial to minimizing the risk of microbial contamination. In recent years the FDA have worked with the industry to develop guidance on ways to prevent or minimize potential contamination, conducting educational outreach to consumers on safe food handl ing practices, sampling and analyzing both domestic and imported produce for pathogens, and working with industry and foreign countries to promote the use of good growing, harvesting, packing, transporting, and processing practices. However, education is only one part of better food traceability, research is another critical element. The FDA is currently working on improving the identification and detection of disease-causing bacteria and toxins in a variety of foods. Currently, there are four recognized classes of enterovirulent  E.  coli  that cause gastroenteritis in humans. These are collectively referred to as the EEC group. E. coli  O157:H7 is one of hundreds of strains of the bacterium  in the EEC group. The U.S. Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) defines  Escherichia coli  0157:H7  as a bacterium  that lives harmlessly in the intestines of animals such as cattle, reptiles, and birds (CITE). However, in humans the bacterium, which can be transmitted by foods, animal contact, and drinking water- can cause bloody  diarrhea, and may lead to  hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life threatening disease. Although other generic strains of  E. coli  are thought to be harmless to humans, the O157:H7 strain is particularly virulent and dangerous. E. coli  O157:H7 was first recognized as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea; the outbreak was traced to cont aminated hamburgers. Since then, eating undercooked ground beef has caused more infections in the United States. Most people recover without antibiotics or other specific treatment within 5 to 10 days. Antibiotics should not be used to treat this infection. There is no evidence that antibiotics improve the course of disease, and it is thought that treatment with some antibiotics could lead to kidney complications. E. coli O157:H7 can cause death in humans. To prevent E. coli 0157:H7 cook all ground beef and hamburger thoroughly. This is because ground been can turn brown before disease causing bacteria can be killed. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, or cider. Wash fruits and vegetables under running water, especial those that will not be cooked- doing this will may not remove all contamination because bacteria is sticky but it will remove most. Finally, make sure that persons with diarrhea, especially children, wash their hands carefully with soap after bowel movements to reduce the risk of spreading infection, and that persons wash hands after changing soiled diapers. E. coli 0157:H7 is a major health problem. It is estimated to cause infection in more than 70,000 patients a year in the United States. It has been reported to cause both large outbreaks as well as isolated sporadic infections in small numbers of individuals. In 2006, CDC informed FDA of a multi-state outbreak of illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although this outbreak involved a perishable food, the food was sold in a package. The traceback investigation was facilitated because several consumers who had become ill still had packages of fresh spinach in their refrigerators. The information on those packages ultimately led investigators to the spinach processors. By looking at the processors records, the investigators were able to identify the implicated farms associated with the identified production lot of bagged spinach. This is an example of a trace back of medium complexity that took a little longer than the peanut butter outbreak in 2007. In 2007, CDC notified FDA of a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Tennessee infections. In this case, because it was not a perishable food, consumers who had become ill still had jars of peanut butter available for testing. This enabled investigators to confirm the presence in that food of the contaminant associated with the outbreak. Further, because the food was packaged, the investigators were able to identify the manufacturer through the information on the jars. This is an example of a rapid trace back in which the necessary information was readily available. Salmonella  (S.) is the genus name for a large number (over 2,500) of types of bacteria. Every year, approximately 40,000 cases of salmonellosis are reported in the U.S. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be 30 or more times greater. Salmonellosis is a rod-shaped, motile bacterium which is more common in the summer than winter. Salmonellosis can be caused by contaminated food processing or handling, especially by handling food with unwashed hands. Salmonella may also be found in the feces of some pets, especially those with diarrhea. You can become infected if you do not wash your hands after contact with these feces. Reptiles, baby chicks and ducklings, and small rodents such as hamsters are particularly likely to carry salmonella. Beef, poultry, milk, and eggs are most often infected with salmonella. But vegetables may also be contaminated. Contaminated foods usually look and smell normal. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. These symptoms develop 12 to 72 hours after infection, and the illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days.  Most people recover without treatment. But diarrhea and  dehydration  may be so severe that it is necessary to go to the hospital. Older adults, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are at highest risk. Food traceability is becoming an important area for concentration for companies because when margins are thin, knowing where your product comes from and the possibility of avoiding a consumer suing the company is worth the company (in some cases). The government and companies are now seeing the rewards of food traceability and putting money into food traceability. They have realized that spending money on food traceability will probably have a pay off in the end, and often is the difference between a successful company and an unsuccessful one. Food traceability also ensures traceback for food safety and quality. Traceability systems help firms isolate the source and extent of safety or quality control problems. This makes sure if an infected product gets to the shelf it can be removed right away and possibly stop an outbreak. The better and more precise the tracing system, the faster a producer can identify and resolve food safety or quality problems. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Sal monella  are responsible for a large number of deaths each year, these can in part be avoided with better food tracing systems to ensure that food gets to consumers quicker. The concept of food origin tracing is not new to the industry. The safety and integrity of our food has always been a concern for meat, food and beverage producers. However, the world has become more risky. Increased globalization of supply chain sourcing and distribution, combined with political instability, more rapid spread of contamination and disease, and the growing threat of international terrorism have brought the issues of food supply safety and traceability to the forefront of public concern.